best translation of the travels of marco polo

Sure it doesn't contain the voluminous notes of the 1903 Yule-Cordier translation, but it's perfectly adequate. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Mais bientt cette suprmatie sera en pril, cause des manuvres dune autre cit Etat de la pninsule italienne, savoir Gnes. Marco Polo's Book - John Critchley 2017-07-05 . He refused, insisting that everything he said and wrote had all been absolutely true. At the end of the Stockholm manuscript is a mappa mundi, a medieval schematic zonal map of the world, which, however, may be a later addition. Marco Polo is remembered thanks to a colorful and popular narrative about his eastward voyage, known simply as The Travels of Marco. thus. That is to say, in thrall to the same old tribal passions. best translation of the travels of marco polo. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. The Mongol rulers whom Polo served also controlled territories both north and south of today's wall, and would have no reasons to maintain any fortifications that may have remained there from the earlier dynasties. The true sweetness of wine is one flavor. (Mostly, though, it was because I got sidetracked by the extensive footnotes & subsequent internet research on various topics found in Polo's book.). For let me tell you that since our Lord God did mould with his hands our first Father Adam, even until this day, never hath there been Christian, or Pagan, or 2Tartar, or Indian, or any man of any nation, who in his own person hath had so much knowledge and experience of the divers parts of the World and its Wonders as hath had this Messer Marco! The travels is a book ive never read in one sitting but jump in and out of. The Travels was a rare popular success in an era before printing. The impact of Polo's book on cartography was delayed: the first map in which some names mentioned by Polo appear was in the Catalan Atlas of Charles V (1375), which included thirty names in China and a number of other Asian toponyms. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! This is an interesting story of racism and prejudiced opinions with the acceptance of different peoples as long as they are a conquoring power. Nautical Atlas of the World, Circular World Map of the Portuguese Hemisphere and Title Page. Polo, Marco, 1254-1324, - The Golden King and Prester John, How Prester John Treated the Golden King his Prisoner, Concerning the Great River Caramoran and the City of Cachanfu, Concerning the Province of Cuncun, Which is Right Wearisome to Travel Through, Concerning a Further Part of the Province of Carajan, Wherein is Related How the King of Mien and Bangala Vowed Vengeance Against the Great Kaan, Of the Battle That Was Fought By the Great Kaan's Host and His Seneschal Against the King of Mien, Of the Great Descent That Leads Towards the Kingdom of Mien, Concerning the City of Mien, and the Two Towers That Are Therein, One of Gold, and the Other of Silver, Concerning the Cities of Cacanfu and Changlu, Concerning the City of Chinangli, and That of Tadinfu, and the Rebellion of Litan, Concerning the City of Siju, and the Great River Caramoran, How the Great Kaan Conquered the Province of Manzi, Concerning the Very Noble City of Saianfu, and How Its Capture Was Effected, Concerning the City of Sinju and the Great River Kian, Concerning the City of Chinginju and the Slaughter of Certain Alans There, Description of the Great City of Kinsay, Which is the Capital of the Whole Country of Manzi, [Further Particulars Concerning the Great City of Kinsay. Most scholars of Ibn Battuta's travels would not recommend to the layman reading his original work (the Rihla), as it is incredible contradictory and sketchy.Ross E. Dunn, a U of C professor who has done a lot over the last 25 years to make history interesting and accessible, wrote a book which covers Ibn Battuta's travels, and interjects historical detail of the Middle East and Asia at . The Travels by Marco Polo: 9780241253052 - PenguinRandomhouse.com I was transfixed by these stories of travel and adventure when I was a child, and never questioned the veracity of the narrative. Even if Marco's account still challenges modern . Reviewed in the United States on September 12, 2007. In his preface the compiler calls himself a knight, and states that he was born and The map presented here is from the Miller Atlas in the collections of the National Library of France. Exact: 0. Uploaded by The language and construction of the sentences are a bit more formal and declarative than works one would more commonly read today, but it wasn't difficult to understand or comprehend. I first read this book when a teacher lent it to me in 7th grade, and I enjoyed it quite a bit. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN4871873080. Marco Polo emerges as being curious and tolerant, and devoted to Kublai Khan and the dynasty that he served for two decades. There are colorful and informative descriptions of the pageantry of the court, the general social structure, the role of law as imposed by Khan in his efforts to create what was a functional society. , .. . I finally got around to reading this after enjoying the hell out of. 5.0 out of 5 stars PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATION. Marco Polo's Travels | Nigel Cliff In his writings, the Dominican brother Jacopo d'Acqui explains why his contemporaries were skeptical about the content of the book. Overall, I would recommend this book. (Yule-Cordier translation) Volume 1, The Travels of Marco Polo. Marco Polo's famous travelogue was penned in prison. Marco Polo belonged to a Venetian family of merchants and diplomats. It was like reading a phonebook -- dry, repetitive, lacking depth and in need of a good editor. During copying and translating many errors were made, so there are many differences between the various copies.[32]. The most interesting parts were those so out there that the reader knows they're fake and the parts about things that other historical accounts have corroborated because I know they're more or less accurate, so this book just offers a different perspective on an accepted truth. [57] Economic historian Mark Elvin, in his preface to Vogel's 2013 monograph, concludes that Vogel "demonstrates by specific example after specific example the ultimately overwhelming probability of the broad authenticity" of Polo's account. [50] Marco Polo himself noted (in the Toledo manuscript) the dainty walk of Chinese women who took very short steps. - [30], Marco Polo was accompanied on his trips by his father and uncle (both of whom had been to China previously), though neither of them published any known works about their journeys. Marco Polo's story begins in Venice in the year 1271, when he was 17 years old. Marco Polo Table of Contents Sojourn in China of Marco Polo Yuan (Mongol) Empire c. 1300 For the next 16 or 17 years the Polos lived in the emperor's dominions, which included, among other places, Cathay (now North China) and Mangi, or "Manzi" (now South China). Search the history of over 797 billion The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 2 by Marco Polo and Rustichello of [10] Some have questioned whether Marco had actually travelled to China or was just repeating stories that he had heard from other travellers. For example, Odoric of Pordenone said that the Yangtze river flows through the land of pygmies only three spans high and gave other fanciful tales, while Giovanni da Pian del Carpine spoke of "wild men, who do not speak at all and have no joints in their legs", monsters who looked like women but whose menfolk were dogs, and other equally fantastic accounts. Skip to Main Content (Press Enter) We know what book you should read next Books Kids Popular Authors & Events Recommendations Audio New Releases Learn More> Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. Description and travel, - [48], It has also been pointed out that Polo's accounts are more accurate and detailed than other accounts of the periods. Loved the idea of Prester John. So, this book has a co-writer it could be said. Stopped reading page 200. Some in the Middle Ages viewed the book simply as a romance or fable, largely because of the sharp difference of its descriptions of a sophisticated civilisation in China to other early accounts by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and William of Rubruck who portrayed the Mongols as "barbarians" who appeared to belong to "some other world". Evoking a remote and long-vanished world with color and immediacy, Marco Polo s book revolutionized Western ideas about the then-unknown East and remains one of the greatest travel accounts of all time. The Travels of Marco Polo Volume 1 by Marco Polo and da Pisa Rusticiano - Free Ebook Project Gutenberg 70,108 free ebooks 3 by Marco Polo 2 by da Pisa Rusticiano The Travels of Marco Polo Volume 1 by Marco Polo and da Pisa Rusticiano Download This eBook Similar Books Readers also downloaded Bibliographic Record Book Four describes some of the then-recent wars among the Mongols and some of the regions of the far north, like Russia. [13] A more common view is that the name refers to medieval reception of the travelog, namely that it was full of "a million" lies. PDF Le Martyre Des Innocents Rizzoli And Isles 12 Pdf (book) Baloon cloth. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. and an introduction by award-winning travel writer Colin Thubron. For instance, did Polo exert "political authority" (seignora) in Yangzhou or merely "sojourn" (sejourna) there? Imagine reading this book in 14 century, Europe is filled with plague, sickness, death and here Marco Polo is describing worlds filled with riches and life. The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian : the translation of Marsden The classic Marsden and Wright translation of The Travels has been revised and updated by Peter Harris, with new notes, a bibliography, and an introduction by award-winning travel writer Colin Thubron. Have one to sell? The History of Sagamoni Borcan and the Beginning of Idolatry, Concerning the Great Province of Maabar, Which is Called India the Greater, and is on the Mainland, Continues to Speak of the Province of Maabar, Discoursing of the Place Where Lieth the Body of St. Thomas the Apostle; and of the Miracles Thereof, Concerning the Province of Lar Whence the Brahmans Come, Discourseth of the Two Islands Called Male and Female, and Why They Are So Called, Concerning the Island of Zanghibar. concerned to write about his travels in Asia, what he did or did not see, and how useful he is as a source on the East. Battle, The Valiant Feats And Victory Of King Nogai, Genealogy Of The House Of Chinghiz To The End Of The Thirteenth Century, Genealogy Of The Family Of Marco Polo The Traveller, Calendar Of Documents Relating To Marco Polo And His Family, Comparative Specimens Of The Different Recensions Of Polo's Text. Since its publication, many have viewed the book with skepticism. First Ed Thus. The version in Venetian dialect is full of mistakes and is not considered trustworthy. This is a pleasurable read, many of the other editions are very academic, and the various footnotes and references can be so distracting. Unfortunately, Polo tends to simplify nearly every culture he encounters into one very large pot. Quantity: 1 Marco Polo - Sojourn in China | Britannica At the time of his birth, his father and uncle were away in the Far East, at the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor,. I first read this book when a teacher lent it to me in 7th grade, and I enjoyed it quite a bit. Of Cublay Kaan, the Great Kaan Now Reigning, and of His Great Puissance, Concerning the Revolt of Nayan, Who Was Uncle to the Great Kaan Cublay, Of the Battle that the Great Kaan Fought with Nayan, How the Great Kaan Caused Nayan to be Put to Death, How the Great Kaan Went Back to the City of Cambaluc, How the Kaan Rewarded the Valour of his Captains, How the Great Kaan Maintains a Guard of Twelve Thousand Horse, Which Are Called Keshican, The Fashion of the Great Kaan's Table at his High Feasts, Concerning the Great Feast Held by the Grand Kaan Every Year on his Birthday, Of the Great Festival Which the Kaan Holds on New Year's Day, Concerning the Twelve Thousand Barons who Receive Robes of Cloth of Gold from the Emperor on the Great Festivals, Thirteen Changes A-piece, How the Great Kaan Enjoineth his People to Supply him With Game, Of the Lions and Leopards and Wolves that the Kaan Keeps for the Chase, Concerning the Two Brothers Who Have Charge of the Kaan's Hounds, How the Emperor Goes on a Hunting Expedition, How the Great Kaan, on Returning From his Hunting Expedition, Holds a Great Court and Entertainment, Concerning the City of Cambaluc, and its Great Traffic and Population, [Concerning the Oppressions of Achmath the Bailo, and the Plot that was Formed Against him, How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees, Made Into Something Like Paper, to Pass for Money All Over his Country, Concerning the Twelve Barons Who Are Set Over All the Affairs of the Great Kaan, How the Kaan's Posts and Runners are Sped Through Many Lands and Provinces, How the Emperor Bestows Help on his People, When They Are Afflicted with Dearth or Murrain, How the Great Kaan Causes Trees to be Planted by the Highways, Concerning the Rice-Wine Drunk by the People of Cathay, Concerning the Black Stones that are Dug in Cathay, and Are Burnt for Fuel, How the Great Kaan Causes Stores of Corn to be Made, to Help his People Withal in Time of Dearth, Of the Charity of the Emperor to the Poor, [Concerning the Astrologers in the City of Cambaluc], [Concerning the Religion of the Cathayans; Their Views as to the Soul; and Their Customs], Here Begins the Description of the Interior of Cathay; and First of the River Pulisanghin, Concerning the Castle of Caichu. This would have been a grave omission since the Prologue contains the story of how the Polos came to China and returned. To add the following enhancements to your purchase, choose a different seller. The Old Man was called in their language ALOADIN. - For ye shall find therein all kinds of wonderful things, and the divers histories of the Great Hermenia, and of Persia, and of the Land of the Tartars, and of India, and of many another country of which our Book doth speak, particularly and in regular succession, according to the description of Messer Marco Polo, a wise and noble citizen of Venice, as he saw them with his own eyes. The story of his journey is told in "Il Milione" ("The Million"), commonly called "The Travels of Marco Polo." Polo's adventures influenced European mapmakers and inspired Christopher. Marco Polo's 'Travels' was one of the world's first best-sellers - History The Travels of Marco Polo: The Illustrated Edition Hardcover - Nov. 6 2012 by Marco Polo (Author), Morris Rossabi (Editor) 60 ratings See all formats and editions Hardcover $65.80 9 Used from $38.61 3 New from $84.18 Muchas veces haba odo hablar del relato de sus grandiosos viajes y la curiosidad siempre me haba conducido a buscar tales relatos y tard en dar con ellos. And Editions Of Marco Polo, Titles Of Sundry Books And Papers Treating Of Marco Polo And His Book, Titles Of Works Quoted By Abbreviated References In This Book. Picture Information. by W. A. Dwiggins. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 11, 2017, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on July 13, 2020, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 2, 2020, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 11, 2013, Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 5, 2019. [23], Since Dominican fathers had among their missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples (cf. Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. Starting a new journey of vaccine research in China----Newsletter Now, being thereafter an inmate of the Prison at Genoa, he caused Messer Rusticiano of Pisa, who was in the said Prison likewise, to reduce the whole to writing; and this befell in the year 1298 from the birth of Jesus. Decorated end-papers. This allows us to preserve the book accurately and present it in the way the author intended. Accompanied by his father Niccolo and his uncle Maffeo, Marco Polo travelled overland to China in 1271--75. 2014. [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified, 1350] Pdf. For these reasons, Les voyages de Marco Polo is sometimes called Divisament du monde (Description of the world) or Livre des merveilles du monde (Book of the marvels of the world). It is found in the Italian National Library in Florence. Magic mountains | Books | The Guardian 9780871968906: The Travels of Marco Polo: A Modern Translation - Polo Afterward, he served Kublai Khan on numerous diplomatic. PDF Download Solutions The Travels Of Marco Polo Classics Of World Literature The classic Marsden and Wright translation of The Travels has been revised and updated by . [12], Although Marco Polo was certainly the most famous, he was not the only nor the first European traveller to the Mongol Empire who subsequently wrote an account of his experiences. The editor, Giovan Battista Ramusio, collated manuscripts from the first part of the fourteenth century,[40] which he considered to be "perfettamente corretto" ("perfectly correct"). Then you open the book and look into it a bit and realize that it might be boring against all odds. He then spent 17 years serving Kublai Khan (1215--94), grandson of Genghis Khan and conqueror of China, for whom he undertook assignments in China as well as in South and Southeast Asia. It took me forever to finish this. . Leo Hart, 1933. Description based on data extracted from World Digital Library, which may be extracted from partner institutions. - (Yule-Cordier translation) Volume 2, "Marco Polo in Manuscript: The Travels of the Devisement du monde", Google map link with Polo's Travels Mapped out (follows the Yule version of the original work), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo&oldid=1126508336, Another Latin version called "Z" is conserved only by one manuscript, which is to be found in, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 18:46. Difficulty that is difficult to appreciate in our modern world. wars. Marco Polo's 'Travels' was one of the world's first best-sellers History Magazine Marco Polo's odyssey spawned one of the world's first best sellers Medieval audiences couldn't get. - While this book can be fascinating and highly amusing, it is also extremely repetitive, fictitious, and at times, downright boring. IT KEEPS THE ORIGINAL FORMAT . It makes it very difficult to read and figure out which parts are the original book. Enhancements you chose aren't available for this seller. The text is perhaps most remarkable for its narrator's incuriousness. Spine may show signs of wear. It is also largely free of the gross errors in other accounts such as those given by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who had confused the Yellow River with the Grand Canal and other waterways, and believed that porcelain was made from coal. PDF Read Free The Travels Of Marco Polo Classics Of World Literature He allegedly travelled from Europe and throughout Asia from 1271 to 1295. The Travels of Marco Polo - PenguinRandomhouse [53], In 2012, the University of Tbingen sinologist and historian Hans Ulrich Vogel released a detailed analysis of Polo's description of currencies, salt production and revenues, and argued that the evidence supports his presence in China because he included details which he could not have otherwise known. They left China in late 1290 or early 1291[15] and were back in Venice in 1295. [14], Modern assessments of the text usually consider it to be the record of an observant rather than imaginative or analytical traveller. Sad, that. Marco Polo - Michael Burgan 2002 . Also of the Province of Casem, Of the Great River of Badashan; and Plain of Pamier, Of Chinghis, and How He Became the First Kaan of the Tartars, How Chinghis Mustered His People to March Against Prester John, How Prester John Marched to Meet Chinghis, The Battle Between Chinghis Kaan and Prester John. He articulated his requirements and expectations on the part of the people, such as the development and required use of paper money to assure trade and commerce throughout the land on an "even" basis, so that each person could trust that his or her currency would be accepted equally. Fuerteventura Marco Polo Pocket Travel Guide - with pull out map (Marco Polo Guides) Marco Polo 241 Paperback 24 offers from 4.46 Bali Marco Polo Pocket Travel Guide - with pull out map (Marco Polo Guides) (Marco Polo Pocket Guides) Marco Polo 71 Paperback 13 offers from 3.72 Product details Reviewed in the United States on December 18, 2021. Online Library The Journey Of Ibn Fattouma Pdf Free Copy - lotus.calit2.uci THE TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO: A MODERN TRANSLATION By Maria Bellonci Marco Polo's travels have since inspired countless adventurers to set off and see the world. The book was translated into many European languages in Marco Polo's own lifetime, but the original manuscripts are now lost. List Of Mss. Now in a handsome and newly revised hardcover edition: the extraordinary travelogue that has enthralled readers for more than seven centuries. Marco Polo was the most famous traveller of his time. For example, the opening introduction in The Book of Marvels to "emperors and kings, dukes and marquises" was lifted straight out of an Arthurian romance Rustichello had written several years earlier, and the account of the second meeting between Polo and Kublai Khan at the latter's court is almost the same as that of the arrival of Tristan at the court of King Arthur at Camelot in that same book. Mistakes can thus easily be attributed to faulty memory as well as the circumstances in which a professional weaver of romances, Rusticello of Pisa, recorded and embellished Marco's oral account while the two were in a Genoese prison. This sense of affinity expanded and deepened, Daniel Leonhard Purdy shows, as generations of Jesuit missionaries, baroque encyclopedists, Enlightenment moralists, and translators established intellectual regimes that framed China as being fundamentally similar to Europe. [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified, 1350] Pdf. Of Genoese origin, Agnese was active in Venice from 1536 until his death. It's affordable, contains some basic notes, and, unlike a lot of the lazy scans of public domain editions, is based on more modern scholarship. [46][47], Historian Stephen G. Haw however argued that many of the "omissions" could be explained. This is a pleasurable read, many of the other editions are very academic, and the various footnotes and references can be so distracting. The middle part of the book explains some of his journeys and events while he was visiting the Great Khan, and the latter parts explaining his trip back to Europe by sea. Well worth a read i only to understand more about the amazing life of people in the past. The Great Walls were built to keep out northern invaders, whereas the ruling dynasty during Marco Polo's visit were those very northern invaders. In example, he seems to be under the impression that all 'idolaters' (read non-christians, non-muslims, non-jews) all follow one giant pan-asian religion. There was a problem loading your book clubs. The Moroccan merchant Ibn Battuta travelled through the Golden Horde and China subsequently in the early-to-mid-14th century. Marco Polo's Toponyms Dubious History - GitHub Pages I think it's accurate enough. From the beginning, there has been incredulity over Polo's sometimes fabulous stories, as well as a scholarly debate in recent times. The book was translated into many European languages in Marco Polo's own lifetime, but the original manuscripts are now lost, and their reconstruction is a matter of textual criticism. The Travels (Penguin Clothbound Classics) Marco Polo 354 Hardcover 57 offers from $12.49 The Travels of Marco Polo Marco Polo 595 Paperback 113 offers from $2.69 The Travels of Marco Polo Marco Polo 59 Paperback 26 offers from $6.78 The Travels of Marco Polo Marco Polo 106 Hardcover 57 offers from $4.41 The Travels of Marco Polo Marco Polo 84 I loved it. The famous Venetian is believed to have left Venice at age 17 to embark on a 24-year journey through the Persian Gulf and Asia, spending much of this time in China in the court of the great Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. 720 from, Maria Bellonci, "Nota introduttiva", Il Milione di Marco Polo, Milano, Oscar Mondadori, 2003, p. XI, [Rinaldo Fulin, Archivio Veneto, 1924, p. 255], "1274: Promulgation of a Crusade, in liaison with the Mongols", Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p.502/French, p. 487/English, The exhibition in Venice celebrating the seven hundredth anniversary of Polo's birth, "scritti gia piu di dugento anni (a mio giudico). Bu tip bir abartda hemen anlyorsunuz ki o durum yle deil. WikiMatrix. Values Of Certain Moneys, Weights, And Measures Occurring In This Book. They Fought (Extracts And Substance. Be the first one to, The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian : the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, http://books.google.com/books?id=LWQNAAAAYAAJ&oe=UTF-8, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). This is Battista Agnese (circa 1500--1564) was an Italian cartographer, born in Genoa, who worked in Venice between 1536 and 1564 and became one of the most important figures in Renaissance cartography. THE TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO THE COMPLETE YULE-CORDIER EDITION Including the unabridged third edition (1903) of Henry Yule's annotated translation, as revised by Henri Cordier; together with Cordier's later volume of notes and addenda (1920) IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II Containing the second volume of the 1903 edition and the 1920 volume of addenda (two

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best translation of the travels of marco polo



best translation of the travels of marco polo

best translation of the travels of marco polo
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