His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. While the beautiful. He ends up killing her out of jealousy; when she does not deserve it. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY: 1. Archetypal Criticism - A Companion to Literary Theory - Wiley Online A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. reflects the archetypal villain" (Sen, ). Farewell! Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, This burgeoning theoretical movement and the generally unsatisfying nature of so much early Jungian literary criticism are both linked to the problematic nature of Jungs own writing on literature, which comprises a handful of essays: The Type Problem in Poetry, On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry, Psychology and Literature, Ulysses: A Monologue, and Is There a Freudian Type of Poetry? These essays reveal Jungs lack of awareness as a reader despite his sense that they may show how ideas that play a considerable role in my work can be applied to literary material (Collected 15:109^. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. "Who can control his fate?" Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures. Analysis. . Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Archetypal Theory - Literary Criticism As hells from heaven. Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. And smote himthus. The Women of Othello There are only three female characters in Othello, and each plays a critical role in Shakespeare's artfully crafted plot of jealousy and retribution. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . As mine own face. The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. His demise was of his own doing. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. Archetypal Criticism of Othello by Tommy Finn - Prezi Othello assumes that Emilia is helping Desdemona in her infidelity. It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. I am hitherto your daughter. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . That Cassios not alive. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Posted on . An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. Speak of me as I am. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Othello makes an error in judgement, which leads to his change in fortune, and later realizes that his actions are what caused said change in fortune. Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Literary Theory from 1900 to 1966: A-Z A Alexander Chirila First published: 24 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a009 Read the full text PDF Tools Share Abstract Archetypal criticism is a form of analysis based on the identification and study of recurring symbolic and mythic patterns. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . OTHELLO: Iago critics - Litchapter.com Learn what works (and what doesn't) from the reader's perspective. And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. Ironically, as in the feminist revisioning of explicitly male-biased Jungian theory, the rise in the 1980s of Reader-response theory and criticism and the impetus for canon revision have begun to contribute to a revaluation of Jung as a source of literary study. After Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating on him, Othello had started to show his disappointment with her. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism through the theories of psychologist C. G. Jung and literary theorist Northrop Frye. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. Archetypal Criticism - Literary Theory and Criticism Abstract. Considered according to this definition, the concept becomes a useful tool for literary analysis that explores the synthesis of the universal and the particular, seeks to define the parameters of social construction of gender, and attempts to construct theories of language, of the imaginal, and of meaning that take gender into account. Archetypal literary criticism | Cram One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism.

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