The background of the event, the persons responsible for it and the perpetrators seem to remain subject to discussion. Massillon Coicou, one of the most prominent Haitian poets of the early 20th century, was the first victim of the killings (his death inspired Le Pote assassin by the French poet Apollinaire.) Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. After Baby Doc was forced to flee in 1986, the Tonton Macoutes were . The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Papa Doc & the Tontons Macoutes by Bernard Diederich | Goodreads *** (Chassagne, 1999: 235-262; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 94-102). In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. Those condemned included Castra Cnafils, an army captain, and Jean Tatoune, a FRAPH member. Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. TONTON MACOUTE: THEIR SELF-TITLED DEBUT, CONSIDERED (1971): The jazz Many of the victims targeted were believed to be voodoo priests because of their alleged involvement with the Duvalier regime. Most of the inhabitants were forced to flee the area and several dead bodies were eaten by dogs and rodents, as family members, fearing for their lives, preferred not to collect the corpses. Tonton Macoute var prsidentens privatmilits i Haiti.Gruppen blev oprettet i 1959 af Franois Duvalier "Papa Doc" to r efter at han blev prsident. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1969 (April 14): About 30 young members of the Haitian Communist party, imprisoned in Fort-Dimanche, were executed outside the prison. The OCRB became a widely feared secret police and intelligence agency that showed little impunity when it came to those suspected of banditry, and soon the OCRB was essentially deciding at will, without trial, who would be tortured or executed of suspected crimes, guilty or not. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 Vido de la terreur des Duvalier Defying the widespread opposition and pressing need for other development projects, Haitian President Michel Martelly is pressing ahead with a plan to recreate Haiti's military, which has a dark legacy of repression in the Caribbean country. Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Massacre de la Scierie, trois prsums gnocidaires sous les verrous, Press Communiqu, Port-au-Prince, March 2, 2004. Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Rapport de la Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Port-au-Prince, 1997. This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. Several Tontons Macoute, their faces taut with worry, stood behind a low cement fence, armed with submachine guns and rifles, belts of ammunition strapped to their waists. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. [6] According to Trouillot (1990: 106), 5,500 people died in forced labor camps. In Haiti: Security Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole phrase meaning "bogeymen"); the group was formally disbanded in 1986, but its members continued to terrorize the populace. According to a diocesian commission (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162), which photo-documented the event, the perpetrators were an army unit assisted by armed men acting on behalf of a local landowner. The members of the firing squad, chosen by Duvalier himself, were high-ranking officers who were all relatives or close friends of the victims. According to an OAS report (ICRH, 1991), the roots of the killing lie in a land conflict in the village of Terre-Casse, near Gervais, Guyton and Coligny, opposing several peasant families and local small landowners since 1973. Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. Second only to Stalins secret police force, Hitlers Gestapo terrorized Nazi Germany for 13 years, acting as the main tool of oppressing dissent against the Nazi regime, as the primary force that initially terrorized and rounded up the Jews and latera leading player in the Holocaust. During the purge, anyone suspected of being an enemy of the state or of Stalins was arrested, tortured and either sent to the Gulags or executed. On April 3, several macoutes arrived in the area, set several houses on fire and raped an unknown number of peasant women. Emmanuel Lazare | Mafia Wiki | Fandom General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. 53 Tonton Macoutes Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Archival Browse 53 tonton macoutes stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. He once ordered the death of all black dogs in the country after a political enemy was rumoured to have transformed into one. 1991 (October 2): Thirty civilians were killed by army soldiers in a single day in Cit Soleil, a shantytown of Port-au-Prince known for harboring many supporters of President Aristide, in retaliation for an attack against a local police station. The other four were killed by a firing squad as an example, following an order from Laborde Corvoisier. With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. Duvalier, who declared himself president for life, created the Tonton Macoute the following year in 1959. Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers On April 26, 1986, a group of the dictatorship's survivors and their family members and supporters marched to the ruins of Fort Dimanche to remember the dead. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. They were believed to have been abducted and killed by the MVSN, who were called the "Tontons Macoutes" as a result. Benoit, G., Harnessing History to Development: the Story of Cazale, Trinity College, Haiti Papers no. Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971. Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack and eats them for breakfast. Political satire was added to the stewpot of artistic influences when the dictator "Papa Doc" Duvalier came to power in 1957, terrorising the people of Haiti by means of his brutal Tonton. During the trial, the court heard that during the 28 years they ruled Haiti, the Duvaliers. On November 9, 2000, after a highly symbolic trial broadcasted live on the radio and led by the judicial authorities with assistance from international organizations, including the United Nations, 16 individuals out of the 29 tried were sentenced to prison terms. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. The MICIVIH carried out an investigation immediately after the event and concluded that it was a premeditated collective murder., _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section B; MICIVIH, 1994). After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. The archives of the FRAPH, that may contain crucial information on executions and various individuals responsibilities, are still in the possession of the US government to this day, which has refused to transfer them to the Haitian Ministry of Justice in spite of continuous campaigns from human rights groups. Turits, Richard Lee, A World Destroyed, a Nation Imposed: the 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN). These attacks may have been the first ever carried out by air on civilian populations. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The total number of victims remains unknown. Andrew Malone for the Daily Mail Polish Haitians | Haiti Local | Fandom [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalier protest movement. tonton macoute massacre Un Ex-prisonnier politique tmoigne, Port-au-Prince, CRESFED, 1995. Several dozens of people were also taken to the Fort-Dimanche prison in Port-au-Prince and were later disappeared, a method used afterward by the military regimes in Chile (1973-1989), Argentina (1976-1983) and Brazil (1964-1985). At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. There should be no statute of limitations for judgment on that. Wilentz, A., The Rainy Season. Although the event was investigated by several prominent journalists and the human rights group National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), its existence remains controversial and supporters of Aristide (who was President at the time), as well as the media in favor of him, deny it ever took place. From the very well known and notorious, to others that may be new to the reader, here are ten of the most vicious, terrifying secret police forces in (mostly) modern history. President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. _ *** (Jolibois, 1988: 46-48 and 213-54; Gaillard, 1995: 267-272 ; Gaillard, 1998: 86). The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. The fact that most of the victims were killed with machetes indicates that this was an attempt to terrorize the population and impede the voting process on that day. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes (its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. Les Violations de droits de lhomme lpoque des Duvaliers, Editions du Cresfed, Port-au-Prince, 2000. [1] Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear at night, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Tonton Macoute | Military Wiki | Fandom Cuello, Jos Isreal, Documentos del conflicto domnico-haitiano de 1937. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. [1][4], The church was the parish of future President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a liberation theology Roman Catholic priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco order, and had been packed with 1000 people for Sunday mass. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. In 1920, the US Navy investigation commission interrogated occupying officers regarding allegations of acts of violence committed by the air force, but the commission did not deliver any condemnations, or even make any formal accusations. The NKVD had important rolesin the implementation and execution of the Gulags, as well as during the Second World War. In Haitian Creole mythology, Tonton Macoutes was a bogeyman who kidnapped errant children in the night and stored them in his knapsack. THE TONTON MACOUTES In order to intimidate the Garde, which still had some professional standards, Du-valier organized a "militia" which may num-ber some 8,000 men. Tonton Macoute - Rate Your Music Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. Journalists were crushed. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. He often wore a top hat and tails while demanding the skulls of his dead victims were brought to his palace in Port-au-Prince. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. 5, 2003. Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. The government of Boisrond-Canal and General Nord Alexis fought Antnor Firmins rebel troops (Nord Alexis eventually prevailed and governed until 1908). After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. _ *** (MICIVIH, 1999: 5-6; United Nations, 2000: 15). The Tonton Macountes were a staple in the country putting Papa Doc's opponents in their place. Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. 196, 1998. The total number of victims was close to a hundred. According to oral testimony gathered by historian Roger Gaillard (1981b, 1983), these included summary executions, rapes, setting houses on fire after gathering their inhabitants inside them, lynchings, and torching civilians alive; one local public figure was buried alive. Rural people were crushed.". Several families were entirely wiped out. Tonton Macoute: Directed by Nigel Robinson. Roadblocks were set up. After Germanys defeat, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials declared the Gestapo a criminal organization and many of its members were executed for war crimes. Learn all about Tonton Macoute on AllMusic. Americas Watch, Human Rights Developments, Washington, D.C., 1994. _ *** (United Nations, 2001: 17-18; Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section C4; Concannon, 2001; Concannon, 2005). Posted on June 16, 2022 June 16, 2022 10 of the Most Brutal Secret Police Forces in History - TheRichest Furthermore, Santebal was a major instrument of the Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge. According to MICIVIH forensic examinations conducted within days after the event, all of these 11 extra-judiciary executions were carried out in cold blood: the 11 individuals had been killed while lying down on the floor with both hands tied. "Tonton Macoutes" style death . The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. Tonton Macoute | Dexter Wiki | Fandom There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti The soldiers first shot at voters in the waiting line with automatic weapons, before continuing their attack with machetes inside the polling station. "While in prison," he recalls, "I witnessed the annihilation of a generation, a silent genocide known only to the few who survived. The total number of victims in Port-au-Prince that day was at least 34, although an observer interviewed by the ICHR (1988: 84) quoted the figure of 200. 1990 (March 12): Event known as the massacre de Piatre (also pronounced Pitre or Piastre). The Vieux family lost four of its members. _ *** (Castor, 1988: 173-175; Gaillard, 1983: 282; Renda, 2001: 34). Shortly afterwards, peasants from Gervais avenged this by killing the Section Chiefs subordinates. [6], According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the following day, "five men and one woman appeared on the government controlled television station (Tl Nationale) and admitted their participation in the attack on the church. This subject is politically and emotionally charged. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Macoute - Wiktionary According to Hurbon (1987), several macoutes were stoned and others were burned alive. They threatened a 'heap of corpses' at any future mass celebrated by Aristide. Her next novel, Claire of the Sea Light, will be published in August 2013. Reconpilacin y notas, Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1985. Most of the victims were from the military, social and intellectual elites of the country. OpenSubtitles2018.v3. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. -. The number of victims was 15 according to collective memory and 8 according to the Human Rights Watch report (1996). Martissant, des Tontons Macoutes aux gangs arms - Le Nouvelliste 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. It's likely the most familiar name on the 1971 debut album by British jazz-rockers Tonton Macoute isn't that of any band member or even engineer Martin Rushent (who went on to produce the Buzzcocks, Stranglers and Dr Feelgood among many others). In Haiti, "gangs" reside where caring for community and corruption Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. In addition, 82 houses had been looted and torched. Leaving Home 4. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. His goal, he said, was to prevent "this dark chapter in history from repeating itself.". A few weeks earlier, several young, light-skinned members of the Communist Party, a political party persecuted by the regime, including Alex Lamaute and Roger Mhu, had taken refuge in this town, assuming that they would blend into a population regarded as generally light-skinned (for having harbored many Polish soldiers after the war of independence). Rated #143 in the best albums of 1971, and #4642 of all time album.. Edwidge Danticat is the best-selling author of Claire of the Sea Light and Brother, I'm Dying. Among many awards and honors, she received the 2017 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Cette vido prsente des tmoignages recueillis par Amnesty International en 1985 sur les arrestations arbitraires et les actes de. In 1920, during hearings held by the US Navy, Lavoie was accused of this by other US officers. 1986 (April 26): Event known in collective memory as the massacre of Fort-Dimanche. Army soldiers and attachs opened fire on a peaceful demonstration attempting to honor the victims of the Duvalier regime in the Fort-Dimanche prison (the date of April 26th was also in reference to the 1963 killing). Tonton Macoutes | Infoplease Some civilians who had attempted to flee were killed. These assassinations were ordered by dictator Papa Doc himself as a part of reprisals against an embryonic anti-Duvalier guerrilla group known as Jeune Haiti that had landed in the region (but none of them were in Jrmie). Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. As of August 2004, the minister of Justice had asked for the United Nations and the OAS participation in carrying out forensic analysis. Noun Macoute ( pl. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. 17:09 EST 13 Jan 2010 Bernard Diederich, Al Burt. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Radiographie dune dictature. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital. Obituary: Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's former - BBC For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. Turits, Richard Lee, Foundations of Despotism. Repression continued for two to three weeks and led to a total of 30 to 40 victims. helvetia 20 franc gold coin 1947 value; tonton macoute massacre. To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. "Uncle Gunnysack." [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. 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Kelly Will Pay More Than $300,000 For Therapy And Herpes Treatment To Sex Crimes Victims, The 10 Greatest Billboard Hits Of Nicki Minaj, Ranked. tonton macoute massacre - rajayounasmyrtlebeach.com Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population. They were taken from Fort-Dimanche and executed, at night, in Ganthier, a village Northeast of Port-au-Prince, and then thrown into a mass grave. macoutes typically raided a house of alleged opponents, killed its inhabitants, including elderly people, children and servants, with guns and machetes, before moving to another house of an alleged opponent of the regime. On July 23, 1999, the Minister of Justice created a judicial commission to supervise the investigation which, to this day (May 2005), has still not been completed. There had been an attempted kidnapping of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier that morning and his father, Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, decided to unleash his wrath, and his henchmen, on the entire city of Port-au-Prince. Founded in 1950, the Stasi took many of its cues from the Soviet Unions KGB, and truth be told during the entire Cold War the KGB and Stasis alliances were so close that they shared offices in both Germany and Russia, and had political privileges in each country. Avril, Prospre, From Glory to Disgrace, the Haitian Army, 1804-1994, Universal Publishers, 1999. Papa Doc's son Jean-Claude Duvalier, also known as Baby Doc, took over the presidency after the death of his father in 1971, maintaining Papa Doc's belief system, until he was ousted in a public revolt in 1986. 1914-1915. After a short period of collective hope, political repression resumed. They were killed in their cells by firing squads. Haiti, the Ton-ton Macoute, and Voodoo: My Wildest Travel Story A confidential memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy (in Gaillard, 1981: 238-241) criticized these indiscriminate killings against natives during several weeks. In July 1920, H.J. Peasants, the Trujillo Regime and Modernity in Dominican History, Stanford, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2003. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. Stop the massacres in Haiti: End US and UN support for the criminal Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1990. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. [13], Luckner Cambronne led the Tontons Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. ", The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. While the young have never been told, while so many older Haitians have chosen to forget, while some politicians are now attempting to rewrite history, and while the charges against Jean Claude Duvalier are still pending, I hope that the voices of those saying 'never again' will this time be heard.".

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