The state had two secular holidays; the anniversary of its establishment was commemorated on 10 April and the assassination of Stjepan Radić was commemorated on 20 June. [49], At the time of the invasion of Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler was uneasy with Mussolini's agenda of creating a puppet Croatian state, and preferred that areas outside of Italian territorial aims become part of Hungary as an autonomous territory. Its president vas Marko Dosen. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [96], The NDH was granted full recognition by the Axis Powers and by countries under Axis occupation, it was also recognized by Spain. "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide". Flag of the Independent State of Croatia After the occupation of the Banovina of Croatia , a fascist satellite state of the Third Reich and Italian Empire was set up, named the Independent State of Croatia . [160] Its boxing team was led by African-American Jimmy Lyggett. The Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was a World War II puppet state of Germany and Italy, which was established in parts of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. [9], Between 1941 and 1945, 22 concentration camps existed inside the territory controlled by the Independent State of Croatia, two of which (Jastrebarsko and Sisak) housed only children and the largest of which was Jasenovac. The Ustaše initially did not have an army or administration capable of controlling all the territory of the NDH. The NDH also created the Ustaška Vojnica (Ustashe Militia) which was conceived as a party militia, and a gendarmerie. [73], Tomislav II formally renounced his title, "King of Croatia, Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Voivode of Dalmatia, Tuzla and Knin, Duke of Aosta (from 1942), Prince of Cisterna and of Belriguardo, Marquess of Voghera, and Count of Ponderano",[citation needed] in October 1943 after the birth of his son, Amedeo, to whom he gave, amongst his middle names, the name 'Zvonimir'. [37], Slavko Kvaternik, deputy leader of the Ustaše proclaimed the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH – Nezavisna Država Hrvatska) on 10 April 1941. Flag of Great Empire of Manchuria. A notable part of the racial legislation was the religious conversion laws, the implications of which were not understood by the majority of the population when they were published on 3 May 1941. [17] He later briefly accepted the throne due to pressure from Victor Emmanuel III and was titled Tomislav II of Croatia, but never moved from Italy to reside in Croatia. The university established a pharmaceutical faculty in 1942,[145] and a medical faculty in Sarajevo in 1944. On 7 June the NDH government issued a decree that demarcated its eastern border with Serbia. The national flag of Croatia features three main colors in its horizontal triband. It bordered the Third Reich to the north-west, Kingdom of Hungary to the north-east, Serbian administration (a joint German-Serb government) to the east, Montenegro (an Italian protectorate) to the south-east and Italy along its coastal area. After the capitulation of Italy, Pavelić became the head of state in the place of Aimone, Duke of Aosta (also known as Tomislav II) and retained the position of Prime Minister until early 1944, when he appointed Nikola Mandić to replace him. [60][61][62], The Federal State of Croatia also had the highest number of detachments and brigades[citation needed] among the federal units, and together with the forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Partisan resistance in the NDH made up the majority of the movement's military strength. The Ustaše committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. Kvaternik was sent into exile in Slovakia – along with his son Eugen, who was blamed for the persecution of the Serbs in Croatia. The Chetnik groups were in fundamental disagreement with the Ustaše on practically all issues, but they found a common enemy in the Partisans, and this was the overriding reason for the collaboration which ensued between the Ustaše authorities of the Independent State of Croatia and Chetnik detachments in Bosnia. [154] After the war's end, out of 330 registered journalists in the state, 38 were executed, 131 emigrated, and 100 were banned from working as journalists in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.[155]. Decrees enacted by the regime allowed it to get rid of all 'unwanted' employees in state and local government and in state enterprises. [41], After refusing leadership of the NDH, Maček called on all to obey and cooperate with the new government. [56] The German occupation forces allowed the expulsion of Serbs to Serbia, but instead of sending the Slovenes to Croatia, they were also deported to Serbia. [77], The NDH founded the Army of the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstvo) and Navy of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 with the consent of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). [140], Soon after establishment of the NDH, the Yugoslav Academy of Science and Arts in Zagreb was renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA 1941-1945 FLAG 18'' x 12'' cords - CROATIAN SMALL FLAGS 30 x 45cm - BANNER 18x12 in High quality. [101], The Croatian Red Cross was established in 1941, with Kurt Hühn serving as its president. D'Annunzio declared himself "Duce" of Carnaro and his blackshirted revolutionaries held control over the town. The 'unwanted' (being all Jews, Serbs, and Yugoslav-oriented Croats) were all thrown out except for some deemed specifically needed by the government. Agreements between the two governments in mid-1941 regulated foreign trade and payments and the export of Croatian labour to Germany. [132], Economic branches of which NDH had most revenue (collected through direct and indirect taxes) included industry, trade and crafts. The Gestapo report to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, dated 17 February 1942, states: Increased activity of the bands is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustaše units in Croatia against the Orthodox population. At the same time, the NDH acquired control of northern Dalmatia (Split and Šibenik). [citation needed], The NDH formed the Croatian State Railways after the Yugoslav Railways was dissolved, and Serbian State Railways in Serbia was devolved. The Roman Catholic Church was also openly supportive of the government. Red-White-Blue flag, A-side Royal COA, B-side Bans family crest, A-side Royal COA, B-side Bans family crest, A tricolour of red, white, and blue with the, A variant of tricolour of red, white, and blue with the, A tricolour of red, white, and blue without the. These colors are used to represent the historic constituent states of the Croatian Kingdom. [67] The German War Graves Commission maintains two large cemeteries, in Zagreb and Split. Their anti-bourgeois pre-war rhetoric continued after the establishment of NDH, as well as the strong rejection of a liberal capitalist system. The Germans also held large interests in Croatian commercial banks, exercised either directly by banks in Berlin and Vienna, or indirectly, by German banks that had large interests in Prague and Budapest banks. I hope that the area south of Srem will be liberated by ... the Bosnian division ... so that we can at least restore partial order in this ridiculous (Croatian) state. The most important commodities manufactured in Croatia for German use were prefabricated barracks (utilizing the large Croatian timber industry), clothing, dry-cell batteries, bridge construction parts and ammunition (grenades). In 1927, the Independent Democratic Party, which represented the Serbs of Croatia, turned its back on the centralist policy of King Alexander. [164] A national bowling competition was held in 1942 in Zagreb, which was won by Dušan Balatinac. [41] The NDH was never fully sovereign, but it was a puppet state that enjoyed the greatest autonomy than any other regime in German-occupied Europe. Other Croatian industrial assets utilized by the Germans included the production of brown coal and lignite, cement (major plants in Zagreb and Split), oil and salt. This decree established five categories of individuals who would receive an invitation to be a member of parliament from the Ustaše-appointed government: (1) living Croatian representatives from the Croatian Parliament of 1918, (2) living Croatian representatives elected in the 1938 Yugoslavian elections, (3) members of the Croatian Party of Rights prior to 1919, (4) certain officials of the Supreme Ustaše Headquarters and (5) two members of the German national assembly. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. [75] Two hundred and four people were declared eligible for the parliament, with 141 actually attending parliamentary meetings. Germany's central government had already annexed Istria and Fiume (Rijeka) into the Operational Zone Adriatic Coast a day earlier. [130] The NDH inherited 42% or 32.5 million reichsmarks of the total debt which Yugoslavia owed to Germany. [100] After the 11 December 1941 declaration of war by Germany against the United States, the Independent State of Croatia declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 14 December. Proportions 1:2, Banner of Croatian soldiers (white flag with black cross) under leadership of Franko Talovac in the battle of Varna, Banner of Croatian troops (chessboard) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (St. Andrew's Cross) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (red with a cross) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (divided in two halves, upper is red with cross, lower is white-red) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (arpadian) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (divided on red and white with spears) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, Banner of Croatian troops (Hungarian) in battle of Mohacs, carried by one of the captains of Croatian ban, A blue field with two diagonal white stripes and the county's coat of arms in the center, A horizontal bicolor of red and white with the county's coat of arms in the center, A horizontal bicolor of blue and green with the county's coat of arms in the center, A horizontal bicolor of red and yellow with the county's coat of arms in the center, Orthogonally quartered red and blue with the county's coat of arms in the center, A red field with narrow gold stripes at the top and bottom and the county's coat of arms in the center, A vertical bicolor of white and red with the county's coat of arms in the center, Five unequal horizontal stripes of white and blue with the county's coat of arms in the center, Unequal horizontal triband of green and yellow with the county's coat of arms in the center, A sky blue field with the county's coat of arms between two thin white horizontal stripes, A blue field with the county's coat of arms between two thin white horizontal stripes, A blue field with narrow red and white stripes along either the, Unequal vertical stripes of yellow and blue with the county's coat of arms in the center of the yellow part, Five horizontal stripes of red and white with the county's coat of arms at the hoist side, Horizontal triband of blue and white with the county's coat of arms in the center, Seven horizontal stripes of yellow and white with the county's coat of arms in the center, Two white and blue horizontal stripes separated by a wavy line, with the county's coat of arms in the center, Five horizontal stripes of green and white with the county's coat of arms in the center, A combination of the Croatian and Serbian tricolors, with a green crest of two shaking hands (not displayed), This page was last edited on 22 February 2021, at 20:32. The NDH was founded on April 10, 1941 after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. The Velebit Publishing House (Nakladna knjižara "Velebit"), named for the Velebit uprising, published pro-Axis works, including Japanac o Japanu [A Japanese on Japan] by the Japanese chargé d'affaires, Kazuichi Miura. The German Instrument of Surrender was signed on 8 May, but the Germans put Pavelić in sole command of NDH forces, and he ordered to continue fighting as the columns tried to reach the British forces to negotiate passage into Allied-occupied Austria. However, as the war progressed, industrial production in the territory of NDH was constantly decreasing, while inflation continued growing. [135], The region of the NDH controlled by Italy had few natural resources and little industry. The Service was eliminated as a separate agency in January 1943 and functions were transferred to the Ministry of Interior under the Directorate of Public Order. Several other members of the NDH government were captured in May and June 1945, and sentenced to death or long-term imprisonment in the trial of Mile Budak. [132], In the Independent State of Croatia, which Nazi Germany formally treated as a sovereign state, most, if not all, industrial and economic activity was either monopolized, or given a high priority for exploitation, by Germany. [102][103] The NDH signed the Geneva Conventions on 20 January 1943,[104] after which the International Committee of the Red Cross named Julius Schmidlin as its representative to the country. [78] The Army included an air force. An estimated 320,000–340,000 Serbs, 30,000 Croatian Jews and 30,000 Roma were killed during the NDH, including between 77,000 and 99,000 Serbs, Bosniaks, Croats, Jews and Roma killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp[110][111] while approximately 300,000 Serbs were forced out of the NDH. Around 20% of state's industrial enterprises accounted for wood industry. [138][139], Internal colonization to the region of Slavonia was encouraged during this period from Dalmatia, Lika, Hrvatsko Zagorje and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consequently, Pavelić replaced his minister of the Armed Forces, Slavko Kvaternik, with the less zealous Jure Francetić. [43], Dissatisfied with the Pavelić regime in its early months, the Axis Powers in September 1941 asked Maček to take over, but Maček again refused. [158], The NDH national football team played 14 "friendly" matches against other Axis nations and puppet states between June 1941 and April 1944, winning five. This would appease Nazi Germany's ally Hungary and its nationalist territorial claims. [46], Croatian nationalists, such as Pavelić, opposed the border changes that occurred after World War I. Dailies included Zagreb's Hrvatski narod (Croatian Nation), Osijek's Hrvatski list (Croatian Paper) and Sarajevo's Novi list (New Paper). This policy forbidding the creation of NDH warships was part of the Italian Fascists' policy of Mare Nostrum (Latin for "Our Sea") in which Italy was to dominate the Mediterranean Sea as the Roman Empire had done centuries earlier. The Nazi regime demanded that the Ustaše adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [citation needed]. A tricolour of red, white, and blue with a (golden-rimmed) red star in the center. Italy however rejected the offer as it did not believe that it could on its own handle the unstable situation in the Balkans. [citation needed]. [75], The parliamentarians were not elected and meetings were convened just over a dozen times after the initial session in 1942. Acceding to the demands of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist regime in the Kingdom of Italy, Pavelić reluctantly accepted Aimone the 4th Duke of Aosta as a figurehead King of the NDH under his new royal name, Tomislav II. Geographically, the NDH encompassed most of modern-day Croatia, all of Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of modern-day Serbia, and a small portion of modern-day Slovenia in the Municipality of Brežice. According to Maček, the new state was greeted with a "wave of enthusiasm" in Zagreb, often by people "blinded and intoxicated" by the fact that the Nazi Germany had "gift-wrapped their occupation under the euphemistic title of Independent State of Croatia". Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6 (1941) pg. State policy regarding Serbs was first declared in the words of Milovan Žanić, the minister of the NDH Legislative council on 2 May 1941: "This country can only be a Croatian country, and there is no method we would hesitate to use in order to make it truly Croatian and cleanse it of Serbs, who have for centuries endangered us and who will endanger us again if they are given the opportunity."[109]. [88], The NDH currency was the Independent State of Croatia kuna. Although the Ustase's main target for persecution were Serbs, it also participated in the destruction of the Jewish and Roma populations. [citation needed], Meanwhile, Pavelić had detached from the group and fled to Austria, Italy, Argentina and finally Spain, where he would die in 1959. [133], From the beginning, the Germans showed great interest in the high-quality iron ore mines of Ljubija in northwest Bosnia, in the industrial complex (steel, coal and heavy chemicals) in the Sarajevo–Tuzla–Zenica triangle in northeast Bosnia, and in bauxite. This may happen eventually. The top band is red, the center band is white, and the bottom band is blue. This is a list of flags which have been, or are still today, used in Croatia or by Croatians and Croats. Upon the formation of the NDH, Pavelić conceded to the accession of Aimone, the 4th Duke of Aosta, as a figurehead King of Croatia under his new royal name, Tomislav II. [129] Constant money printing was a way of financing huge government spending, that could not be covered by increased taxation and long-term borrowing. The Ustaša was created in principle in 1929. "Flag of Croatian-Serbian friendship", an early flag of the Yugoslav, 21 November 1939–17 October 1943 (21 January 1941), Variant with coat of arms of the flag of the. While the Ustaše's own estimates put the number of their sympathizers even in the early phase at around 40,000. [76] The state maintained men's penitentiaries in Lepoglava, Hrvatska Mitrovica, Stara Gradiška and Zenica, and a women's penitentiary in Zagreb. [151] The neighbourhoods were largely based on similar workers housing in Germany. Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio raided Fiume (which held a mixed population of Croats and Italians) and proclaimed it part of the Italian Regency of Carnaro. "[19][20][21] In its judgement in the Hostages Trial, the Nuremberg Military Tribunal concluded that NDH was not a sovereign state. [45], Mussolini and Ante Pavelić had close relations prior to the war. Identical to the national flag, but with 2:3 proportions. The national flag of Croatia is one of the country's national symbols. The Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH; German: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Italian: Stato indipendente di Croazia) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. [52] Before meeting Hitler, to appease the public,[clarification needed] Pavelić published an "Important Government Announcement" (»Važna obavijest Vlade«), in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the Ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the Croatian Army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in Croatia ..."[53], General Glaise-Horstenau reported: "The Ustaše movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have committed and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the home guard and the police) shall be separated from the government – even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government. By early 1945, the NDH army withdrew towards Zagreb with German and Cossack troops. Ad hoc intervention in individual cases could make the German Army look responsible for countless crimes which it could not prevent in the past. [107], The NDH government cooperated with Nazi Germany in the Holocaust and exercised their own version of the genocide against ethnic Serbs living within their borders. According to the Tribunal, "Croatia was at all times here involved an occupied country". Two independent motorised infantry battalions were based at Zagreb and Sarajevo respectively. Flag of the 369th Infantry Regiment of the Independent State of Croatia Silk rep, multicoloured relief silk embroidery and gold embroidery, accessories, wood 85 x 120 cm; length of staff 230 cm Rectangular flag, the obverse in the colours of the Croatian tricolour, the reverse in golden-white silk. This left a multitude of jobs to be filled by Ustashas and pro-Ustasha adherents and led to government jobs being filled by people with no professional qualifications. [citation needed], Although far right movements in Croatia inspired by the former NDH reemerged during the Croatian War of Independence, the current Constitution of Croatia does not officially recognize the Independent State of Croatia as the historical or legitimate predecessor state of the current Croatian republic. D'Annunzio was known for engaging in passionate speeches aimed to draw Croatian nationalists to support his actions and to oppose Yugoslavia. [148] The Croatian cinema pioneer Oktavijan Miletić, was active during this period. Germany improved relations with the Ustaše and supported the NDH claims to annex the Adriatic Coast in order reduce Italy's planned territorial gains. According to William Deakin, who led one of the British missions to the Partisan commander-in-chief Josip Broz Tito, in some areas, Partisans would release army soldiers after disarming them, so they could come back into the field with replacement weapons, which would again be seized. [citation needed]. The first field of the coat of arms was never specified in the Croatian constitution. In 1915 a group of political emigres from Austria-Hungary, predominantly Croats but including some Serbs and a Slovene, formed themselves into a Yugoslav Committee, with a view to creating a South Slav state in the aftermath of World War I. [108] However, the situation quickly changed on 30 April, with the publication of the Aryan race laws. [59] After Italy abandoned the war in 1943, German forces occupied western Croatia and the NDH annexed the territory ceded to Italy in 1941. Flags of the Independent State of Croatia; Flags with three horizontal stripes of red, white and blue color combination; SVG historical flags of North Macedonia They saw this as a way to prevent Dalmatia being ceded to Italy under the Treaty of London (1915). The Ustaše was led by the Poglavnik, Ante Pavelić. 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