A Joint Centre To Combat Hybrid Warfare Threats. Don't Be Fooled: Russia Attacked U.S. The hybrid war is a conflict with an interconnected group of state and non-state actors pursuing overlapping goals and a weak local state. There are a variety of terms used to refer to the hybrid war concept: hybrid war, hybrid warfare, hybrid threat, or hybrid adversary (as well as non-linear war, non-traditional war or special war). It is often used interchangeably with references to hybrid war, to capture the interconnected nature of challenges (i.e. [13][30], At the same time, the sophistication and the lethality of non-state actors increased. The term hybrid warfare originally referred to irregular non-state actors with advanced military capabilities. Phone: +371 26533953. e-mail: info [at] stratcomcoe [dot] org [13], One of the most often quoted examples of a hybrid war is the 2006 conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. military, diplomatic, technological). It brings together all relevant actors, policies and instruments to both counter and mitigate the impact of hybrid threats in a more coordinated manner. It is borrowing many of the tactics from the Russian play-book - the use of deniability; proxies; cyber-operations and information warfare. Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats (Czech: Centrum proti terorismu a hybridním hrozbám) is a counterpropaganda and counter-terrorism unit of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic primarily aimed at countering disinformation, fake news, hoaxes and foreign propaganda. in Howard, G. and Czekaj, M. "[11] The US Joint Forces Command defines a hybrid threat as "[a]ny adversary that simultaneously and adaptively employs a tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities in the operational battle space. The Centre also monitors internal security threats including migration, extremism, violation of public order and soft target attacks as well as "disinformation campaigns related to internal security". [35], In respect of Russia, Jānis Bērziņš, the director of the Center for Security and Strategic Research, has widely published to argue that using the term "hybrid" to characterize the Russian strategy is misleading since Russia has its own definitions and concepts: "the word 'hybrid' is catchy since it can represent a mix of anything. Troops in Syria: Mattis gave Putin "plausible deniability" for a military assault that went badly awry. Hybrid threats are diverse and ever-changing, and the tools used range from fake social media profiles to sophisticated cyber attacks, all the way to overt use of military force and everything in between. Hybrid threats combine conventional and unconventional activities and tools used in a coordinated manner by state or non-state actors to achieve specific political objectives. This is because hybrid threats are constantly changing and evolving, which means that our response to them needs to constantly evolve to keep up. Address: 11b Kalnciema str. The United States Army was one of the early proponents of a hybrid threat concept, and has devoted considerable study and doctrinal development to adjust to the reality of hybrid threats. ", "Auditors Find DoD Hasn't Defined Cyber Warfare", "The Islamic State is a Hybrid Threat: Why Does That Matter? [13] The war featured about 3,000 Hezbollah fighters embedded in the local population attacked by about 30,000 Israeli regular troops. A few examples of that type of combat are found in the American Revolutionary War (a combination of George Washington's Continental Army with militia forces) and the Napoleonic Wars (British regulars co-operated with Spanish guerrillas). Russia having success in hybrid war against Germany), Reuters (February 7, 2016). For instance, between 1837 and 1840, Rafael Carrera, a Conservative peasant rebel leader in Guatemala, waged a successful military campaign against the Liberals and the federal government of Central America by using a strategy that combined classical guerrilla tactics with conventional operations. Carrera's hybrid approach to warfare gave him the edge over his numerically-superior and better-armed enemies. [33], The Russian government's wide use in conflicts the Syrian Civil War and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, of private military contractors such as those of the Wagner Group was in 2018 singled out by experts as a key part of Russia's strategy of hybrid warfare to advance its interests and obfuscating its involvement and role. Every age has its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own peculiar preconceptions. Hybrid CoE is described as a do tank that conducts training courses, exercises, hosts workshops to policymakers and practitioners, and produces white papers on hybrid threats, such as vulnerabilities in an electrical grid or possible exploitation of vaguely written legislation. This manual is part of the 7-100 series, which describes the Hybrid Threat that exists for the purpose of training U.S. forces for potential combat operations. Iranian Quds Force operatives acted as mentors and suppliers of advanced systems. Hybrid Threat Characteristics. An article published in Global Security Review, "What is Hybrid Warfare?," compares the notion of hybrid warfare to the Russian concept of "non-linear" warfare, which it defines as the deployment of "conventional and irregular military forces in conjunction with psychological, economic, political, and cyber assaults." General Philip Breedlove, in a US Senate hearing February 2016, claimed that Russia is using refugees to weaken Europe and is directing the influx of refugee to destabilize areas and regions in terms of economy and to create social unrest. Hybrid threats posed by state and non-state actors are expected by many to increasingly challenge countries and institutions globally. [31] Hezbollah cells downed Israeli helicopters, damaged Merkava IV tanks, communicated with encrypted cell phones, and monitored Israeli troops movements with night vision and thermal imaging devices. [12], Hezbollah leveraged mass communication immediately distributing battlefield photos and videos dominating the perception battle throughout the conflict. Note. The Hybrid Threat reflects the characteristics of military and irregular forces that may be present in the operational environment (OE). Saudi and Emirati activities in the 2010s, Berzins, J. During three panels focusing on the current state of play, cyber resilience and strategic communications, the conference encouraged debate about the efforts made by the EU to counter hybrid threats. [12], The group used decentralized cells composed of guerrillas and regular troops, armed with weaponry that nation states use, such as anti-tank missiles, rockets, armed unmanned aerial vehicles, and advanced improvised explosive devices. Simo: Vietnam War - The New Aspect of Warfare, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297699821_Hybrid_war_in_Vietnam, "Training a "Hybrid" Warrior at the Infantry Officer Course". "[37], Moscow has accused Washington of conducting hybrid warfare against Russia during the colour revolutions. The research team subsequently developed the Hybrid Threat Modeling Method (hTMM), consid-ering the desirable characteristics for a Threat Modeling Method. Hezbollah is a sophisticated non-state actor that is sponsored by Iran. [13][14], The combination of conventional and irregular methods is not new and has been used throughout history. 2020. Hybrid threats combine conventional and unconventional, military and non-military activities that can be used in a coordinated manner by state or non-state actors to achieve specific political objectives. (Eds. Often, the conflict evolves under the radar, and even a "rapid" response turns out to be too late. [38], Speaking at the Valdai Discussion Club in November 2014, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said:[39][40]. Thus, the choice is not simply one of preparing for long-term stability operations or high-intensity conflict. [10][12] Another new element is the ability of non-state actors to persist within the modern system. Tomasz Kamusella. They are designed to be difficult to detect or attribute. [24] Also, to counter a hybrid threat, hard power is often insufficient. (2019). Is it not a hybrid process and not what we call war? What are hybrid threats? This process should direct comprehensive cross-government efforts to understand, detect and respond to hybrid threats. The Centre also monitors internal security threats including migration, extremism, violation of public order and soft target attacks as well as "disinformation campaigns related to internal security". Collective defense organizations such as NATO might find it hard to agree on the source of the conflict, which makes a response difficult. This introduction and chapters 1 and 2 address threats and use the terms enemy and adver-sary [48][49], India has been accused of conducting hybrid warfare against Pakistan.[50][51][52]. On 10 February 2016, Finnish Defence Minister Jussi Niinistö told a meeting of NATO Defence Ministers that Finland expects Russia to open a second front, with as many as 1 million migrants possibly arriving over the Finnish-Russian border. The concept of hybrid threats aims to capture the mixture of conventional and unconventional, military and non-military, overt and covert actions that can be used in a coordinated manner by state or non-state actors to achieve specific objectives while remaining below the threshold of formally declared warfare. Similarly, commercial technologies such as cellphones and digital networks are adapted to the battlefield. [26] The Soviet Union engaged in an early case of hybrid warfare in 1944. "[23], Traditional militaries find it hard to respond to hybrid warfare. Hybrid Threat, with the acronym HT. Hybrid threats combine conventional military capabilities with small unit guerrilla tactics, asymmetric attacks, and highly mobile standoff engagement systems. The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (Hybrid CoE; Finnish: Euroopan hybridiuhkien torjunnan osaamiskeskus) is a network-based international and independent hub for practitioners and experts based in Helsinki, Finland.The Hybrid CoE focuses on responses to hybrid threats under the auspices of the European Union (EU) and NATO. "[36] Michael Kofman, a senior research scientist at CNA and a fellow at the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute, noted in March 2018 that the West′s frequent references to hybrid warfare was in effect "an unintelligible Western reaction, after decades of wars of choice against paltry adversaries, to confrontation with another power that is capable across the full spectrum of conflict. The Communication defines the concept of hybrid threats as a ‘mixture of coercive and subversive activities, conventional and unconventional methods (i.e. It is using financial and economic pressure, information attacks, using others on the perimeter of a corresponding state as proxies and of course information and ideological pressure through externally financed non-governmental organisations. A nonlinear war is fought when a state employs conventional and irregular military forces in conjunction with psychological, economic, political, and cyber assaults. [42][43][44] According to the BBC, "Iran, along with its Houthi allies [in Yemen]], is conducting a classic war of the weak against the strong; a "'ybrid conflict' as it is known in the strategic textbooks. Hybrid warfare is warfare with the following aspects: The Chief of Staff of the US Army defined a hybrid threat in 2008 as an adversary that incorporates "diverse and dynamic combinations of conventional, irregular, terrorist and criminal capabilities. Hybrid campaigns are multidimensional, combining coercive and subversive While the group often acts as a proxy for Iran, it has its own agenda. Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats (Czech: Centrum proti terorismu a hybridním hrozbám) is a counterpropaganda and counter-terrorism unit of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic primarily aimed at countering disinformation, fake news, hoaxes and foreign propaganda. In other words, hybrid threats are not only a continuation of politics by other means; they also create opportunities to weaken or even topple a government without firing a shot. Confusion and disorder ensue when weaponize… The United States likewise was a hybrid participant and used a combination of traditional air power, advisers to Iraqi government troops, Kurdish peshmerga, sectarian militias; it also trained opposition forces within Syria. Moreover, the concept of New Generation Warfare includes conventional operations. Hybrid threats combine conventional and unconventional, military and non-military activities that can be used in a coordinated manner by state or non-state actors to achieve specific political objectives. [10] In response, Iraq turned to hybrid tactics itself by using non-state and international actors to counter the ISIL advance. The Joint Framework offers a comprehensive approach to improve the common response to the challenges posed by hybrid threats to Member States, citizens and the collective security of Europe. The abstractness of the term means that it is often used as a catch all term for all non-linear threats.[10][11][12]. [47], China has been accused of conducting hybrid warfare against Taiwan and in the South China Sea. The article partially attributes the difficulty to the "rigid" or static military taxonomy used by NATO to define the very concept of warfare. The United States, Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Russia–European Union relations § Allegations of Russian intimidation and destabilisation of EU states, United States intelligence operations abroad, United States involvement in regime change, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism, Cold War II § Novel risks and measures for preventing escalation, "Menacing Malware Shows the Dangers of Industrial System Sabotage", "It's the (Democracy-Poisoning) Golden Age of Free Speech", "Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare", "Defense lacks doctrine to guide it through cyberwarfare", "Deterring hybrid warfare: a chance for NATO and the EU to work together? [1][2], Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic–Russia relations#Russian espionage and propaganda, European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, European Union Intelligence and Situation Centre, Intelligence System of the Czech Republic, "Czech Republic sets up unit to counter fake news threat", "Centre Against Terrorism and Hybrid Threats", Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability, Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Crisis Management and Planning Directorate, Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management, Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space, Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service, Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation, Operations of the European Border and Coast Guard, Operations of the European Maritime Force, Operations of the European Rapid Operational Force, Missions of the European Gendarmerie Force, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_Against_Terrorism_and_Hybrid_Threats&oldid=953982503, 2017 establishments in the Czech Republic, Government ministries of the Czech Republic, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Centrum proti terorismu a hybridním hrozbám, Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (, Minesweeping operation in the Strait of Hormuz, (Operation Cleansweep, 1987 – 1988), Police contingent in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Multinational Advisory Police Element in Albania, General security surveillance mission in Kosovo, This page was last edited on 30 April 2020, at 02:05. Israel did not lose the war on the battlefield but lost the information battle, as the overwhelming perception then of Israeli defeat. Its perception of being at war or in a permanent state of conflict with the US and its allies were furthered by the 2014 Maidan uprising in Ukraine. [46], Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates have been accused of conducting hybrid warfare against Qatar. Function. Russia's activities in the former Soviet states have been described as Hobbesian and redolent of Cold War thinking. Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the battle space requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response. Date: February 12, 2020, 8:30 am Topic: Finance & Financial Regulation Hybrid adversaries employ combinations of capabili-ties to gain an asymmetric advantage. ISIL has transitional aspirations and uses irregular and regular tactics and terrorism. "REMARKS BY FOREIGN MINISTER SERGEY LAVROV AT THE XXII ASSEMBLY OF THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN AND DEFENCE POLICY", "E.U. "[11] NATO uses the term to describe "adversaries with the ability to simultaneously employ conventional and non-conventional means adaptively in pursuit of their objectives. ", "Hybrid threat concept: contemporary war, military planning and the advent of unrestricted operational art", United States Army Command and General Staff College, "Hybrid War: Old Concept, New Techniques", "Islamic State 'adapting to US-led air strikes. "[11] The US Army defined a hybrid threat in 2011 as "the diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, criminal elements, or a combination of these forces and elements all unified to achieve mutually benefiting effects. As interest-based rational actors, hybrid threats seek to master unrestricted operational art in order to reconcile overmatch and protect or advance their interests. Hybrid activities aim to influence our policy-making, weaken our societies and undermine the unity of the EU. Some argue that the term is too abstract and only the latest term to refer to irregular methods to counter a conventionally superior force. [7] Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the battlespace requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response. Like those real- ethnic conflict, terrorism, migration, and weak institutions), multiplicity of actors involved (i.e. A new “hybrid” threat has surfaced in the cyber world and has recently helped hackers steal £30 million from a series of banks in post-Soviet states. The hybrid threat concept represents the evolution of operational art and a potential paradigm shift as a doctrinal and organizational Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). For example, in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon War, Hezbollah employed a … Knowledge of the evolution of the hybrid threats will facilitate a better under-standing of the Russian hybrid threat construct and their actions in Ukraine. "[45], The United States has been accused of conducting hybrid warfare against Iran and other countries. [41], Iran has been accused of conducting hybrid warfare. Though that has tempered traditional conflicts, regional conflicts and threats that leverage the weaknesses of conventional military structure are becoming more frequent. Hybrid attacks are used, in most cases, to multiply the noticeable attack vectors. Overwhelming force is an insufficient deterrent. Hybrid influencing tools can be employed individually or in combination, depending on the nature of the target and the desired outcome. • Flexible and adaptable structure. This is the main conclusion of the “Hybrid War: New Threats” seminar that was held on May in the Europe Room of the Senate Palace. Some argue that the term is too abstract and only the latest term to refer to irregular methods to counter a conventionally superior force. A similar statement was made by Ilkka Kanerva, Finland's former foreign minister and now the chairman of the country's parliamentary Defense Committee. [32], The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is a non-state actor that uses hybrid tactics against the conventional Iraqi military. Rather than a single entity, a hybrid threat or challenger may be a combination of state and nonstate actors. Hybrid threats refer to a mixture of coercive and multidimensional activity and conventional and unconventional methods that can be of diplomatic, military, economic or technological nature. [34] Specifically, Russia employed a combination of traditional combat warfare, economic influence, cyber strategies, and disinformation attacks against Ukraine. It was Hezbollah's policy, rather than Iran's, that led to the kidnapping of Israeli troops, which was the impetus for the war. "[12] According to the 2017-inaugurated European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, "[h]ybrid threats are methods and activities that are targeted towards vulnerabilities of the opponent" where the "range of methods and activities is wide. regular and irregular forces, criminal groups) and diversity of conventional and unconventional means used (i.e. These attacks show a great deal of sophistication so what are they, and how can we stop them? In other words, Hybrid Warfare might be part of New Generation Warfare but cannot define it. The definition is flexible to respond to the evolving nature of hybrid threats. Whenever the acronym is used, readers should understand that as refer-ring to the Hybrid Threat, which is a realistic and representative composite of actual hybrid threats. ), European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, 2006 conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, counter the ISIL advance. [28][29], The end of the Cold War created a unipolar system with a preponderant American military power. Hybrid threats are generally composed of paramilitary forces that can organize both in massed conventional formations and as small, distributed cells. The term ‘hybrid threat’ is a metaphor that brings complexities and dilemmas related to a changing global environment to the fore. On 2 October 2017, the EUISS and the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU organised a high-level conference on hybrid threats. Riga, LV1048, Latvia. Suspects Russian Agenda in Migrants' Shifting Arctic Route", "The Strategic Threat from Iranian Hybrid Warfare in the Gulf", Center for Strategic and International Studies, "The Iran crisis will show Russia and China the West still has no answer for 'hybrid warfare, "The necessity of "effective reaction" against U.S. hybrid war", "The current crisis in the Persian Gulf in the context of hybrid warfare", "Hybrid Warriors: China's Unmanned, Guerrilla-Style Warfare in Asia's Littorals", "Deterrence, hybrid warfare and Pakistan", "How Marines are preparing for hybrid wars", "Good advice: Hybrid warfare demands an indirect approach", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_warfare&oldid=1009112476, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 19:52. Taking into acco… These threats target critical vulnerabilities and seek to create confusion to hinder swift and effective decision-… [5][6] By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution.

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