The most common diagnoses of Washington's ailments center on the emergence of excessive partisanship and deep ideological divisions among political elites and officeholders. Significant Costs of Political Polarization But today's increase in partisanship in the U.S. also has significant harmful effects. Many common light sources such as sunlight, halogen lighting, LED spotlights, and incandescent bulbs produce unpolarized light. Coalitional polarization means they'll have increasingly difficult time influencing Democrats. 1) Newt Gingrich's key idea was that Republicans had an opportunity be a ruling party, but they'd have to change their strategy by stopping compromise, clarifying party brand, purging liberal Republicans, and control media attention. -Refers to non-economic, social and cultural political conflicts. The term polarization comes from political science. Start studying FINAL PARTIES AND POLARIZATION. social polarization Source: A Dictionary of Human Geography Author(s): Alisdair Rogers, Noel Castree, Rob Kitchin. Depending on how the el… Evidence of this is that the DNC explicitly did not want to move to the left and the RNC has been trying to figure out ways to increase cross-appeal and moderate since 2008. -Logic: Embrace factions. Especially the other party? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Solutions of Polarization: The Seventh Party System. Consequences of Polarization: Accelerationism-Economic Reset. Its motives? Democrats have become especially pro immigrant, especially after Trump. 65 According to the sorting thesis, before the 1950s, voters were mostly concerned with state-level party positions rather than national party concerns. What does the evidence say? -Brinkmanship is basically the two parties playing chicken. The related emotion is produced (e.g. In 1940s to 1950s rise of networks like ABC, CBS, and NBC, all of which were moderate. Elites? Consequences of Polarization: What is brinkmanship? Reduce veto points. The splitting of a society into two distinct groups that are different ends of a spectrum, such as rich and poor, or white and black. Causes of Polarization: Trends on Key Issues in Culture Wars--Which are polarizing? What, if at all, effect did elites have on ideological polarization? Consequences of Polarization: Accelerationism-Political Reset. Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? -Ideological polarization is about differences between parties in terms of outcomes sought by parties in government. If it didn't, why not? There is strong evidence that suggests that people learn how to treat other side by watching how party elites and media figures do. Basics in Polarization: Why does the Downsian model fail in practice? -1970- 1990 Newspapers were largely moderate. Because ideological differences between two major parties increased & ideological differences within party have decreased electoral competition in U.S. resembles British Model of responsible party government where voters have a choice in Presidential & Congressional elections between unified party teams offering clear cut policy alternatives. Causes of Polarization: Trends of Geographic Sorting. Millennials show rapid transformation on issue (low-intensity trap, as well as random news events). Before we can realize why we should be more accepting of polarization, we should take a step back to look at American politics as a whole. -Polarization seems to spur key societal groups in action, with a record number of female and minority candidates in 2018. Engaged: attentive, informed, active citizens who most closely reflects the ideals of democratic citizenship, Why engaged citizens are "ideal" democratic citizens, they are educated, participate and donate to a Campaign, - Play critical role in American politics because its members make -up the electoral bases for Democrats and Republicans, - Officeholders & candidates cultivate their support because crucial source of campaign contributions & volunteer labor, - Provide large proportion of the votes needed to win general election, - May states & Congressional districts dominated by one party support of engaged partisans maybe enough to ensure candidate reelection, - Size and partisan composition of engaged can vary on national political climate and the electoral cycle. Consequences of Polarization: How does polarization change who runs for office? -System 1: A Good Start--Minimal regional division, relatively strong economy, party leaders generally respectful, dissolution of both parties, Era of Good feelings. The public in general thinks the public has polarized more than it actually has over time...and the more into politics you are, the more you tend to overestimate polarization...and we especially perceive the other side as polarized. Rural voters increasingly identify as Republican. It’s certainly the most direct and immediate, the most proximate, cause of polarization. b. Decreases in Cleavages based on region, social class, and religious affiliation have diminished since the 1960's, c. Increase in cleavages based on gender, marital status, religious commitments (abortion, gay rights, and stem cell research), d. Traditional alignment of White Catholic Democrats & White Protestant Republicans has diminished. Consequences of Polarization: How does the filibuster contribute to gridlock? Ending discussions (or friendships) for political reasons are somewhat common (especially after 2016 election). Coalitional? Both? Why don't senators get rid of it? Mass Polarization: What evidence do we have that partisans dislike interacting with the other party? -Gridlock refers to a situation when there is difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of the people. Its motives? a dramatic dive in non-blacks who would oppose a relative marrying a black person. (Misc.). Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did traditional media have on ideological polarization? -Negative partisanship determines willingness to support compromise, like voting out of fear of what the opposition party will do. Which aren't? -Politicians are increasingly willing to advance or pass legislation that is not supported by the majority, but unpopular legislation is also increasingly likely to be forgotten or forgiven by the party base by the next election. Consequently, the reform-minded have taken up the mantle of reducing polarization or mitigating its effects. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. He has the possibility of long term splitting the Republican party, and causing return to a two-dimensional model for elite ideology. If it didn't, why not? b. Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Causes of Polarization: Trends on Key Issues in Culture Wars--Which are polarizing? -Attribution error: Attenuation of negative attributions of other side's preferences and goals, which leads to misinformation that is really difficult to correct due to motivated reasoning and negativity bias, and that it is extremely difficult to disseminate information. Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, sorting? -Elected officials should: Pass legislation supported by a rough majority, communicate honestly with the public, and manage public goods lawfully and transparently. Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Coalitional? Also, over time, parties have increasingly lost control of these elections. There is a case for gerrymandering being a cause of polarization is that parties redraw district lines to maximize apportionment, creating many uncompetitive districts created, giving partisans in these districts no incentive to move to center, and allowing extremist candidates increasingly win office over time. Mass Polarization: What is the difference between ideological sorting and ideological polarization? Causes of Polarization: What is the link between polarization, income inequality, and immigration? After the 90s, media was motivated to increase views with the end of Fairness Doctrine (1987) that ignited conservative radio shows and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 permitting national syndication. Class, Party, and Ideological Polarization . “Polarization” is not a new thing in the political world. The distance between the ideological middle of both wings has widened dramatically since the 1940’s. QT+ (low-intensity trap) has great partisan divide, with partisanship is the best indicator of gender equality acceptance, even outperforming age and religion. -States have polarized, but without a clear pattern...sometimes one party or the other or both, all over the place. Consequences of Polarization: What is democratic accountability? Consequences of Polarization: How does polarization impact voter turnout?

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