Hula hoop star with nearly 1 MILLION social media followers opens up about the brutal downside to fame, revealing horrific comments she gets from trolls who threaten to RAPE and kill her [16] However, many of them continued to privately patronize the hula. Hula hoops for children generally measure approximately 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter, while those for adults measure around 40 inches (1.0 m). Types of hula kahiko include ʻālaʻapapa, haʻa, ʻolapa, and many others. The size and the weight of the hoop affect the style of the hooper. The modern hula hoop was inspired by Australian bamboo hoops. The new plastic version was popularized in 1958 by the Wham-O toy company and became a fad. She's quite trained and fun to watch in both. This courtesy was often extended to important Western visitors. Juliasneedledesigns.com offers thousands of machine embroidery designs for your home or commercial embroidery machine at unbelievably low prices. A hula hoop is a toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck. Today hula kahiko is simply stated as "Traditional" Hula. It is to honor King David Kalākaua who was known as the Merrie Monarch as he revived the art of hula. Terminology for two main additional categories is beginning to enter the hula lexicon: "Monarchy" includes any hula which were composed and choreographed during the 19th century. However, traditionally, men were just as likely to perform the hula. Kepakepa sounds like rapid speech and is often spoken in long phrases. Collapsible hula hoops have been developed for easy transport and versatility. American Protestant missionaries, who arrived in 1820, often denounced the hula as a heathen dance holding vestiges of paganism. Hula ʻauana still tells or comments on a story, but the stories may include events since the 1800s. A fast, lively, "rascal" song will be performed by dancers in more revealing or festive attire. Hula performed for spontaneous daily amusement or family feasts were attended with no particular ceremony. Daily sales. Jeonghan taking a short cut towards the finish line. The primary influences were Christian morality and melodic harmony. Modern hooping has created a wide range of tricks. D (Dm) A We can hardly stand the wait, E7 A Please Christmas, don't be late. Visitors report seeing dancers swathed in many yards of tapa, enough to increase their circumference substantially. A lead voice sings in a major scale, with occasional harmony parts. Today, they are usually made of plastic tubing.[1]. Like the majority of these rhymes, it includes kissing. Traditional female dancers (and occasionally male) are also seen wearing bra made from coconut. The costumes of the women dancers are less revealing and the music is heavily Western-influenced. Ginny & Georgia on Netflix. Teachers and students were dedicated to the goddess of the hula, Laka. During the 1950s, Carlon was producing more than 50,000 hula hoops per day. Today this form of dress has been altered. The hula kahiko is always performed with bare feet, but the hula ʻauana can be performed with bare feet or shoes. (1998) 6.2 From The Wiggles Big Show 7 Toot Toot! Instead of being in last place, Jeonghan cut across the grass and pass Jun!Jun of course, through a cute fit! [2], Author Charles Panati records a "craze" with the usage of wooden and metal hoops in 14th-century England. By the 1850s, public hula was regulated by a system of licensing. Though they have been in existence for thousands of years, it is often incorrectly believed that they were invented in the 1950s. According to one Hawaiian legend, Laka, goddess of the hula, gave birth to the dance on the island of Molokaʻi, at a sacred place in Kaʻana. It is during this period that the grass skirt began to be seen everywhere although, Hula ‘auana costumes are usually more western-looking, with dresses for women and pants for men.[15]. Hula (chant with dance) and oli (chant without dance) are two general styles in which mele can be used/performed. The modern hula hoop was inspired by Australian bamboo hoops. Do it as fast as you are able. Kumu Hula (or "hula master") Leato S. Savini of the Hawaiian cultural academy Hālau Nā Mamo O Tulipa, located in Waiʻanae, Japan, and Virginia, believes that hula goes as far back as what the Hawaiians call the Kumulipo, or account of how the world was made first and foremost through the god of life and water, Kane. Her husband showed it to Arthur "Spud" Melin and they agreed on a gentleman's handshake that they would share in any profits (the company cut her out, and they got nothing).[4][5]. However, Tongan leaf skirts generally use red and yellow leaves. Kī were sacred to the goddess of the forest and the hula dance Laka, and as such, only kahuna and aliʻi were allowed to wear kī leaf leis (lei lāʻī) during religious rituals. One well known and often used entrance or permission chant is Kunihi Ka Mauna/Tunihi Ta Mauna. [17] However, a more traditional hula was maintained in small circles by older practitioners. A great resource for teachers of ESL kids. If the kids are bored or looking for a fun game to play, charades is a great option. The‘Ōlelo No’eau (Hawaiian saying or proverb), “‘O ‘oe ka lua’ahi o kāu mele,” translates loosely as “You bear both the good and the bad consequences of the poetry you compose” [3] The idea behind this saying originates from the ancient Hawaiian belief that language possessed mana, or “power derived from a spiritual source” [4] particularly when delivered through oli (chant). Female hula dancers usually wear colorful tops and skirts with lei. Grass skirts were made of many different natural fibers, such as hibiscus or palm. Hawaiian history was oral history. The polyethylene hoops, and especially the polyvinyl chloride hoops, are much larger and heavier than hoops of the 1950s. During that time the influx of Western culture created significant changes in the formal Hawaiian arts, including hula. From the color of their attire to the type of adornment worn, each piece of an auana costume symbolizes a piece of the mele auana, such as the color of a significant place or flower. Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear. This is an example of how oli is integrated into modern day cultural practices, within the context of hula training. There has been a renewed interest in hula, both traditional and modern, since the 1970s and the Hawaiian Renaissance. You can also hang a hook from your ceiling to suspend the hula hoop from. 'Olelo Hawai'i (Hawaiian language) contains 43 different words to describe voice quality; the technique and particularity of chanting styles is crucial to understanding their function. Honolulu: Island Heritage Pub., 2015. Olioli is a style many would liken to song, as it is melodic in nature and includes sustained pitches,[7] often with ‘i’i, or vibrato of the voice thats hold vowel tones at the ends of lines. The hula hoop craze swept the world, dying out in the 1980s except in China and Russia, where hula hooping and hoop manipulation were adopted by traditional circuses and rhythmic gymnasts. [5] Richard Knerr and Arthur "Spud" Melin of Wham-O manufactured 42 in (1.1 m) dia. A skirt of green kī (Cordyline fruticosa) leaves may also be worn over the pāʻū. Kepakepa, kāwele, olioli, ho’āeae, ho’ouēuē, and ‘aiha’a are examples of styles differentiated by vocal technique. It is accompanied by song and Western-influenced musical instruments such as the guitar, the ʻukulele, and the double bass. Most kahiko performances would begin with an opening dance, kaʻi,[12] and end with a closing dance, hoʻi,[13] to state the presence of the hula. H(B) major - modulation (2. time) B (B) F#7 Christmas, Christmas time is near, B (B) Time for toys and time for cheer. Native American Hoop Dance is a form of storytelling dance incorporating hoops as props. They will collectively chant their entrance chant, then wait for the kumu to respond with the entrance chant, once he or she is finished, the students may enter. Often there is a hierarchy in hula schools - starting with the kumu (teacher), alaka'i (leader), kokua (helpers), and then the 'olapa (dancers) or haumana (students). There are many sub-styles of hula, with the main two categories being Hula ʻAuana and Hula Kahiko. Anonymous 17 October, 2016. please name of song! In hālau hula (hula schools) asking permission to enter the space in order to partake in the knowledge of the kumu (teacher) is a key component to being a student. In response to several Pacific island sports teams using their respective native war chants and dances as pre-game ritual challenges, the University of Hawaii football team started doing a war chant and dance using the native Hawaiian language that was called the ha'a before games in 2007. Hula kahiko, often defined as those hula composed prior to 1894 which do not include modern instrumentation (such as guitar, ʻukulele, etc. There are also two main positions of a hula dance: either sitting (noho dance) or standing (luna dance). she revealed. Want a plane that loops the loop, A7 D Me, I want a Hula-Hoop. Fire hooping has been introduced, in which spokes are set into the outside of the hoop and tipped with kevlar wicks, which are soaked in fuel and ignited. These hoops may be covered in a fabric or plastic tape to create a visual image and distinguish between the hoop and dancer. The dance is generally performed by a solo dancer with multiple hoops. Here you will find 101 good charades ideas for kids to act out. But a cultural resurgence beginning in the late 1960s, and carrying through to today has revitalized many Hawaiian practices, including spoken language and chant, and has been furthered by increasing support from various institutions, including Pūnana Leo Hawaiian language immersion schools, funded by the Hawai’i State Department of Education as well as major hula competitions such as the Merrie Monarch Festival, which officially began in 1971.[8]. The new plastic version was popularized in 1958 by the Wham-O toy company and became a fad.Hula hoops for children generally measure approximately 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter, while … Performing as The Sampson Brothers, Minneapolis-based Lumhe “Micco” Sampson has been hoop dancing with his brother Samsoche, both of Seneca and Muscogee Creek, for many years.In this KQED video, an extra from an episode of ‘If Cities Could Dance,’ Lumhe Sampson demonstrates the Thunderbird hoop dance formation with 15 hoops.. Gaffer tape is used to line the inside of a hula hoop to add grip, or a bare hula hoop can be roughened by using sandpaper. hoops from Marlex plastic. Song … Kumu Leato is cited as saying, "When Kane and the other gods of our creation, Lono, Kū, and Kanaloa created the earth, the man, and the woman, they recited incantations which we call Oli or Chants and they used their hands and moved their legs when reciting these oli. Le hula hoop [1] est une pratique où l'on fait tourner un cerceau principalement autour de la taille par un déhanchement rythmé.. En 1958, les américains Arthur Melin et Richard Knerr, fondateurs de la marque américaine de jouets Wham-O, imitant le cerceau de bambou utilisé par les enfants australiens, créent le hula hoop. Official education portal of the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland. Any quick search will net you a boatload of porn starring her. Ritual and prayer surrounded all aspects of hula training and practice, even as late as the early 20th century. The Hawaiian performing arts had a resurgence during the reign of King David Kalākaua (1874–1891), who encouraged the traditional arts. It might even be a presage of bad luck or have dire consequences. If your kids really want to make others watch their smooth jump rope skills, this is the go-to rhyme. These charade ideas are sure to lead to hours of fun and laughter. A grass skirt is a skirt that hangs from the waist and covers all or part of the legs. [1] Carlon Products Corporation was one of the first manufacturers of the hula hoop. Nudist Dance. ESL-Kids.com - Free ESL printables for teaching kids including flashcards, worksheets, classroom games and children's song lyrics. [14] Sacred hula, celebrating Hawaiian gods, were also danced. They are arranged in a dense layer of around fifty leaves. An important distinction between oli, hula, and mele is as follows: mele can hold many different meanings, and is often translated to mean simply, song. Sexy Naked Dance on indian Bollywood song Roop Tera Mastana. Curriculum focused resources and support for primary and post primary teachers. Another story tells of Hiʻiaka, who danced to appease her fiery sister, the volcano goddess Pele. Lei were typically left on the small altar to Laka found in every hālau, as offerings. 360p 12 min Crueda - 829.4k Views - 720p. With the Princess Lili'uokalani who devoted herself to the old ways, as the patron of the ancients chants (mele, hula), she stressed the importance to revive the diminishing culture of their ancestors within the damaging influence of foreigners and modernism that was forever changing Hawaii. Here are 18 times SEVENTEEN’s angel Jeonghan tried to cheat his way to victory. Modern hula arose from adaptation of traditional hula ideas (dance and mele) to Western influences. In the absence of a written language, this was the only available method of ensuring accuracy. During their “GOING SEVENTEEN” episode, Four Wheeled Rider #2, Jeonghan decided to speed things up! Hula performances were a form of fealty, and often of flattery to the chief. Most, if not all, hula halau(s) have a permission chant in order to enter wherever they may practice. Some of these make music-shells and bones will rattle against each other while the dancers dance. Foot and hip movements often pull from a basic library of steps including the kaholo, kaʻo, kawelu, hela, ʻuwehe, and ʻami. "Ai Kahiko", meaning "in the ancient style" are those hula written in the 20th and 21st centuries that follow the stylistic protocols of the ancient hula kahiko. The crossword clue possible answer is available in 10 letters.This answers first letter of which starts with E and can be found at the end of R. Hula hoopers did that for the hula hoop’s memes—and in 1958 they found a new transmission vector, broadcast television, sending its messages immeasurably faster and farther than any wagon. [original research?]. Ginny and Georgia arrived on Netflix on February 24th, 2021. In 1830 Queen Kaʻahumanu forbade public performances. Their ankle and wrist bracelets, called "kupeʻe", were made of whalebone and dogteeth as well as other items made from nature. All machine embroidery designs are available via instant download. If these options aren’t available to you, get creative. This, in combination with a general usurpation of Hawaiian social, political, and linguistic autonomy resulted in a mass decline of the Hawaiian language, to the near brink of extinction. The hoop was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1999. Hula Hoop Hot Potato - Students get in groups of four and are each given a hula hoop and a bean bag (or you can use several bean bags). Students often stand outside the entrance and chant repeatedly until the kumu decides to grant them permission to enter, and uses a different chant in response. The subject of the songs is as broad as the range of human experience. Ceremonies marked the successful learning of the hula and the emergence from seclusion. 360p 8 min Bozzngu13 - 1.1M Views - 360p. The teacher of hula is the kumu hula. In 1957 Joan Anderson brought back a bamboo "exercise hoop" from Australia, and came up with the name Hula Hoop at a dinner party. [10][11]. Practitioners merged Hawaiian poetry, chanted vocal performance, dance movements and costumes to create the new form, the hula kuʻi (kuʻi means "to combine old and new"). Begin in the same way as the above song by swinging the rope back and forth until the counting starts. Similar C. fruticosa leaf skirts worn over tupenu are also used in religious dances in Tonga, where it is known as sisi. (1998) 8 TV Series 2 (1999) 8.1 From Wiggle Time! Anonymous 08 October, 2016. whats her name. After Laka died, her remains were hidden beneath the hill Puʻu Nana. Filled, redwork, applique, in the hoop, exclusive Rosie and Robbie designs. There were hula celebrating his lineage, his name, and even his genitals (hula maʻi). Many hula were created to praise the chiefs and performed in their honor, or for their entertainment. While there is some freedom of choice, most hālau follow the accepted costuming traditions. The musicians performing hula ʻauana will typically use portable acoustic stringed instruments. As a result of Americanization, including the spread of Christianity, many traditional chants became viewed as pagan and were ultimately forgotten. This is not true for every hālau, but it does occur often. Everything from picture puzzles to video games can teach problem-solving and reasoning to kids on their own, but it’s also important to learn how to work with others to solve these problems as a team . they had their leis and other jewelry but their clothing was much different. was discovered last seen in the February 26 2021 at the LA Times Crossword. Traditional female dancers wore the everyday pāʻū, or wrapped skirt, but were topless. Programmable 'Smart Hoops' are available which provide a range of special effects and some can even be customized through an application on a mobile device. Resources to help you teach music Easily find songs and lessons Join Plus Membership Find what you need to succeed in the classroom Rhythmic Content steady beat, meter, notes: whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, syncopation Melodic Content high & low, so-mi, mi-so-la, do-re-mi, pentatonic, major scale Orff songs with Orff arrangements, tips & tricks, recommended … Home Read More » ... Eddie Van Halen remembered by son Wolfgang as he celebrates first No. Hula changed drastically in the early 20th century as it was featured in tourist spectacles, such as the Kodak Hula Show, and in Hollywood films. The dog's-tooth anklets sometimes worn by male dancers could also be considered instruments, as they underlined the sounds of stamping feet. It was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there. Hula /ˈhuːlə/ is a Polynesian dance form accompanied by chant (Oli) or song (Mele, which is a 31m A mystery surrounds a gift from Emma to a friend; The Wiggles take care of their teeth before a big show; The Wiggles spin hula hoops while singing. There are various legends surrounding the origins of hula. High chiefs typically traveled from one place to another within their domains. Dancers who were learning to do such hula necessarily made many mistakes. They also wore necklaces, bracelets, anklets, and lei. Again, they might wear bulky malo made of many yards of tapa. Females wore a wrap called a "paʻu" made of tapa cloth and men wore loincloths, which are called "malo." LED lighting has been added, allowing hoops to light up at the flick of a switch or a remote control. Hula / ˈ h uː l ə / is a Polynesian dance form accompanied by chant (Oli) or song (Mele, which is a cognate of "meke" from the Fijian language).It was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Polynesians who originally settled there. Toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck, This article is about the hula-hoop toy. LillieCat's webcam homepage on MyFreeCams.com - your #1 adult webcam community Traditional materials for hoops include willow, rattan (a flexible and strong vine), grapevines and stiff grasses. This crossword clue Hoop site? However, in a more broad sense, mele can be taken to mean poetry or linguistic composition. For other uses, see, List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania, "Ti Leaf: Canoe Plant of Ancient Hawai'i", The Power of the Hula: A Performance Text for Appropriating Identity Among First Hawaiian Youth, "First White Exponent of the Hula Returns to the Stage", Everything Related To Hula Dancing, Hula History & Hula Theory, tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)], Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hula&oldid=999868364, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Puniu—small knee drum made of a coconut shell with fish skin (kala) cover, ʻIliʻili—water-worn lava stone used as castanets, ʻUlīʻulī—feathered gourd rattles (also ʻulili). Since 1964, the Merrie Monarch Festival has become an annual one week long hula competition held in the spring that attracts visitors from all over the world. It is accompanied by chant and traditional instruments. (1993) 3 Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1997/1999) 4 Wiggle Time! Regalia plays a role in illustrating the hula instructor's interpretation of the mele. Then, start swinging the rope overhead as well. Fact checked by Cara Lustik Is 1-2-3 Magic Really a Magical Cure for Child Behavior Problems? Women generally wear skirts or dresses of some sort. The ancient hula Ke Haʻa Ala Puna describes this event. Women perform most Hawaiian hula dances. Many hula dances are considered to be a religious performance, as they are dedicated to, or honoring, a Hawaiian goddess or god. The pahu appears not to have been used in hula kuʻi, evidently because its sacredness was respected by practitioners; the ipu gourd (Lagenaria sicenaria) was the indigenous instrument most closely associated with hula kuʻi. Occasional hula ʻauana call for the dancers to use implements, in which case they will use the same instruments as for hula kahiko. Kumu means "source of knowledge", or literally "teacher". Hence they were ritually secluded and put under the protection of the goddess Laka during the learning period. Hooping now includes many 'on body' moves and many 'off body' moves. People write mele hula ʻauana to comment on significant people, places or events or simply to express an emotion or idea. The traditional Hawaiian hula costume includes kapa cloth skirts and men in just the malo (loincloth) however, during 1880s hula ‘auana was developed from western influences. The hula dramatizes or portrays the words of the oli or mele in a visual dance form. Don't forget the SALT, PEPPER, KETCHUP, MUSTARD.” 6. Therefore this is the origin of hula.". Another story is when Pele, the goddess of fire was trying to find a home for herself running away from her sister Namakaokahaʻi (the goddess of the oceans) when she finally found an island where she couldn't be touched by the waves. Largest selection of continuous line designs for quilting. The lei and tapa worn for sacred hula were considered imbued with the sacredness of the dance, and were not to be worn after the performance. In the old times,[when?] Before it was known and recognized as the common colorful plastic toy (sometimes filled with water or sand), the traditional "hula hoop" was made of dried willow, rattan, grapevines, or stiff grasses. Gangnam style asian girl nude. The combination of general style (with or without dance) and the context of the performance determines what vocal style a chant will use. Or if it's the hula hoop thing you're into, she does that too. 1 ABC For Kids: Live In Concert (1993) 2 Wiggle Time! cognate of "meke" from the Fijian language). / Hula Hoop Symphony / Clean Your Teeth! Hula dancing is a complex art form, and there are many hand motions used to represent the words in a song or chant. For example, hand movements can signify aspects of nature, such as the swaying of a tree in the breeze or a wave in the ocean, or a feeling or emotion, such as fondness or yearning. The attachment method you use depends entirely on the ceiling. A perfect jump rope song to try just before sitting down to eat, Mabel, Mabel is a true classic! As was true of ceremonies at the heiau, the platform temple, even a minor error was considered to invalidate the performance. (1998) 5 Yummy Yummy (1998) 6 TV Series 1 (1998) 6.1 From Wiggle Time! The mele of hula ʻauana are generally sung as if they were popular music. Traditional chant types are extremely varied in context and technical components, and cover a broad range of specific functions. ), encompasses an enormous variety of styles and moods, from the solemn and sacred to the frivolous. Visiting chiefs from other domains would also be honored with hula performances. A few examples are breaks, isolations, leg hooping, and double hooping. "Hula hooping is a great low-impact option, too – as is all the trampolining I do!" [18] Although Merrie Monarch was seen as a competition among hula hālaus, it later became known as a tourist event because of the many people it attracted. With giveaways, national marketing and retailing, a fad begin in July 1958:[6][7] twenty-five million plastic hoops were sold in less than four months, and sales reached more than 100 million units in two years. Born into an upper-class family in Hyde Park, New York, in 1882, Roosevelt was the fifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt, who served as the 26th U.S. … They have been used by children and adults since at least 500 BCE. It was codified in genealogies and chants, which were memorized and passed down. The newly Christianized aliʻi (royalty and nobility) were urged to ban the hula. There at chain of craters on the island of Hawai'i she danced the first dance of hula signifying that she finally won. Therefore, skillful manipulation of language by haku mele (composers) and chanters was of utmost reverence and importance. However, hula performed as entertainment for chiefs were anxious affairs. For other uses, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late), "Background, history, raw materials, design, and the manufacturing process of hula hoops", "She Was Betrayed by a Gentleman's Handshake", "Beginners guide to learning hula hooping", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hula_hoop&oldid=1003925800, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from January 2021, Articles needing additional references from May 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 10:11. Suspend the hula hoop from the center of the ceiling. The Other Wiggly Group in the alternate scene from "Hoop Dee Doo" ... Main Menu (song used: Wiggle Hula (Karaoke) Special Features menu (Song used: Same as Australian version) Song Selection menu. During the performances the males would start off and the females would come later to close the show off. Often dancers use the ʻUlīʻulī (feathered gourd rattle). These are great charades ideas for home, get-togethers, school, and camping. Both sexes are said to have gone without a shirt. Men may wear long or short pants, skirts, or a malo (a cloth wrapped under and around the groin). He reports that doctors treated patients suffering from pain, dislocated backs, and even heart failure due to hooping. Each locality had to house, feed, and amuse the chief and his or her entourage. Some use glow-in-the dark, patterned, or sparkling tape, and others are produced with clear tubing and are unfilled (child hoops are commonly filled with various materials). Heavier, larger hoops are used for beginning dancers and easier tricks, while lighter, thinner tubing is used for quick hand tricks. Hula Hoop Games. A hula hoop is a toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck. A law passed in Hawai’i in 1896 (shortly after American overthrow of the Hawaiian kingdom) banned the use of ‘Ōlelo Hawai’i in schools. Generally, “all mele may be performed as oli (chant without dance), but only certain types such as name chants, sex chants, love chants, and chants dedicated to the [‘aumakua] gods of hula (ritual dance), may be performed as hula (chant with dance).” [6]. For slow, graceful dances, the dancers will wear formal clothing such as a muʻumuʻu for women and a sash for men. Among them (in vague descending order of sacredness) exist mele pule (prayer), hula kuahu (ritual dance), kū’auhau (cosmogeny), ko’ihonua (genealogy), hānau (birth), inoa (name), ma’i (procreation/genital), kanikau (lamentation), hei (game), ho’oipoipo (love), and kāhea (expression/call out). “Mabel, Mabel, set the table. Another alternate scene from "Hoop Dee Doo" without a song title.

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